chapter 7 objectives

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

biochemical reactions that manage energy/rescources of the cell

Question 2

catabolism

Answer 2

BREAKS DOWN large molecules into smaller molecules to RELEASE ENERGY

Question 3

anabolism

Answer 3

BUILD UP small molecules into larger ones to form macromolecule

Question 4

11 characteristics of enzymes

Answer 4

made protein / RNA and may require cofactors
organic catalysts that speed up cellular reactions
5. unique shape, specificity for substrate, and function
6. enable metabolic process to sustain life speed.
7. do not become by products of reaction
8. not used up or changed by reaction
9. can be recycled so they are used in low concentrations
10. affected by temperature and pH
11. regulated by feedback and genetic mechanisms

Question 5

structure/function of enzymes

Answer 5

proteins that are made up of amino acids, they increase the rate of reactions

Question 6

constitutive vs regulated enzymes

Answer 6

constitutive: always present in constant amounts
regulated: induced or repressed depending on concentration of substrate

Question 7

feedback inhibition

Answer 7

–>hinders metabolic pathways
noncompetitive: changing shape of active site
competitive: blocks active site

Question 8

enzyme repression

Answer 8

GENETIC apparatus responsible for replacing enzymes is the automatically suppressed

Question 9

denaturation

Answer 9

bonds that maintain shape of enzymes are broken (causes shape change and prevents substrate from binding)

Question 10

4 patterns of metabolism

Answer 10

linear, cyclic, branched which can be divergent (1 then branches out) or convergent (branched out then goes to 1)

Question 11

chemical in which energy is stored in cells

Answer 11

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 12

redox reaction

Answer 12

involves transfer of electrons

Question 13

endergonic reaction

Answer 13

require and consume energy

Question 14

exergonic reaction

Answer 14

release and create energy

Question 15

phosphorylation

Answer 15

adding a phosphate group to a molecule

Question 16

oxidation

Answer 16

loss of electrons

Question 17

reduction

Answer 17

gain of electrons

Question 18

oxidoreductase

Answer 18

enzymes that catalyze electron transfer from one molecule to another
ex. alcohol reductase and aldo-keto reductase

Question 19

3 catabolic pathways and ATP yield

Answer 19

aerobic: 36-38 ATPs
anaerobic: 2-36 ATPs
fermentation: 2 ATPs

Question 20

glycolysis summary

Answer 20

breaking down of glucose into 2 pyruvates, ATP, NADH, and water

Question 21

locations of aerobic respiration

Answer 21

animal/plant cells: takes place in mitochondria
bacteria: takes place in cell wall periplasmic space

Question 22

what is krebs cycle

Answer 22

two pyruvate molecules that go into the cycle, form 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2

Question 23

what goes in and out of krebs cycle

Answer 23

constantly picks up pyruvate molecules from glycolysis and produces co2,atp, nadh, fadh2

Question 24

electron transport system importance

Answer 24

it is the stage of aerobic respiration that produces the most ATP molecules for oxidative phosphorylation

Question 25

ETS bacteria vs eukaryotes

Answer 25

bacteria: cell wall
eukaryotes: mitochondria

Question 26

2 ways anerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration

Answer 26

aerobic respiration uses oxygen while anaerobic doesnt
aerobic produces co2 while anaerobic doesnt

Question 27

steps of microbial fermentation

Answer 27

pyruvic acid from glycolysis become electron acceptor
NADS are recycled to reenter glycolysis

Question 28

amphilbolism

Answer 28

ability of a system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency