chapter 7 objectives Flashcards
metabolism
biochemical reactions that manage energy/rescources of the cell
catabolism
BREAKS DOWN large molecules into smaller molecules to RELEASE ENERGY
anabolism
BUILD UP small molecules into larger ones to form macromolecule
11 characteristics of enzymes
made protein / RNA and may require cofactors
organic catalysts that speed up cellular reactions
5. unique shape, specificity for substrate, and function
6. enable metabolic process to sustain life speed.
7. do not become by products of reaction
8. not used up or changed by reaction
9. can be recycled so they are used in low concentrations
10. affected by temperature and pH
11. regulated by feedback and genetic mechanisms
structure/function of enzymes
proteins that are made up of amino acids, they increase the rate of reactions
constitutive vs regulated enzymes
constitutive: always present in constant amounts
regulated: induced or repressed depending on concentration of substrate
feedback inhibition
–>hinders metabolic pathways
noncompetitive: changing shape of active site
competitive: blocks active site
enzyme repression
GENETIC apparatus responsible for replacing enzymes is the automatically suppressed
denaturation
bonds that maintain shape of enzymes are broken (causes shape change and prevents substrate from binding)
4 patterns of metabolism
linear, cyclic, branched which can be divergent (1 then branches out) or convergent (branched out then goes to 1)
chemical in which energy is stored in cells
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
redox reaction
involves transfer of electrons
endergonic reaction
require and consume energy
exergonic reaction
release and create energy
phosphorylation
adding a phosphate group to a molecule
oxidation
loss of electrons
reduction
gain of electrons
oxidoreductase
enzymes that catalyze electron transfer from one molecule to another
ex. alcohol reductase and aldo-keto reductase
3 catabolic pathways and ATP yield
aerobic: 36-38 ATPs
anaerobic: 2-36 ATPs
fermentation: 2 ATPs
glycolysis summary
breaking down of glucose into 2 pyruvates, ATP, NADH, and water
locations of aerobic respiration
animal/plant cells: takes place in mitochondria
bacteria: takes place in cell wall periplasmic space
what is krebs cycle
two pyruvate molecules that go into the cycle, form 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2
what goes in and out of krebs cycle
constantly picks up pyruvate molecules from glycolysis and produces co2,atp, nadh, fadh2
electron transport system importance
it is the stage of aerobic respiration that produces the most ATP molecules for oxidative phosphorylation
ETS bacteria vs eukaryotes
bacteria: cell wall
eukaryotes: mitochondria
2 ways anerobic respiration differs from aerobic respiration
aerobic respiration uses oxygen while anaerobic doesnt
aerobic produces co2 while anaerobic doesnt
steps of microbial fermentation
pyruvic acid from glycolysis become electron acceptor
NADS are recycled to reenter glycolysis
amphilbolism
ability of a system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency
