ch 14

Question 1

immunopathology

Answer 1

The study of disease states associated with the over reactivity or under reactivity of the immune response

Question 2

2 categories of immune dysfunction

Answer 2

primary: from birth
secondary: acquired

Question 3

4 major categories of hypersensitivities to antigens

Answer 3

Type I: “common” allergy and anaphylaxis
Type II: IgG- and IgM-mediated cell damage
Type III: immune complex
Type IV: T-cell response

Question 4

4 substances released by mast cell in type 1

Answer 4

1. histamine: smooth muscle constriction
2. leukotrienes: smooth muscle constrictors
3. protaglandins: constrict bronchical tubes
   cytokines: stimulate inflammation

Question 5

5 conditions caused by lgE mediated allergic reactions

Answer 5

1. ezcema
2. asthma
3. hay fever (seasonal reaction)
4. food allergy
5. drug allergies

Question 6

3 main ways to prevent short-circuit type 1 allergic reactions

Answer 6

avoidance, desensitization, drugs

Question 7

allergy

Answer 7

immune response characterized by inflammation

Question 8

atopy

Answer 8

chronic local allergy, asthma or hay fever

Question 9

anaphylaxis

Answer 9

systemic response, blocks airway and effects circulation, can be deadly

Question 10

mast cells

Answer 10

white blood cells that defend against antigens

Question 11

asthma

Answer 11

chronic condition caused by airway allergens/exercise/ low temperatures

Question 12

3 immune components causing cell lysis in type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 12

lgG, lgM, complement proteins

Question 13

role of rh

Question 14

similarities/differences type III and type II

Answer 14

s: lgG and lgM activated,
D: type 3 antigens are not attached to surface of cell

Question 15

type iV delayed hypersensitivity example

Answer 15

TB test, positive reaction is characterized by skin inflammation at injection site

Question 16

stages of cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 16

sensitization: t-cells encounter
activation: reexposure triggers t-cell activation, cytokine release
inflammation: cytokines recruit immune cells

Question 17

4 classes of grafts

Answer 17

autograft (same individual different site)
isograft (idential twin tissue)
allograft (different individual)
xenograft (animal)

Question 18

host vs graft disease

Answer 18

cytotoxic t cells of a host recognize foreign class I MHC markers on surface of grafted cells

Question 19

graft vs host disease

Answer 19

bone marrow forms immune products against host immune system

Question 20

autoimmune disease

Answer 20

disease where an individual develops hypersensitivity to themself (t-cells launch abnormal attack of self antigens)

Question 21

molecular mimicry

Answer 21

a foreign antigen has a similar gene sequence or structure to that of a self-antigen, leading to autoimmunity

Question 22

primary immunodeficienies

Answer 22

genetic defect, inherited (present at birth)

Question 23

secondary

Answer 23

acquired later in life

Question 24

b-cell defect

Answer 24

impairs antibody production (vulnerable to infections)
ex. brutons disease

Question 25

t-cell defect

Answer 25

disrupts cell-mediated immunity (hinders defense)
ex. digeorge syndrome

Question 26

t/b cell deficiency

Answer 26

sever susceptibility as there is dysfunction in both
ex. scid

Question 27

complement defects

Answer 27

disrupts cascade of proteins crucial for fighting infections
ex. hereditary angioedema

Question 28

2 causes of secondary immunodeficiency diseases

Answer 28

1. malnutrition (lack of protein energy weakens immune system)
   ex. kwashiorkor
2. medication (drugs suppress immune function)
   ex. chemotherapy

Question 29

most know secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 29

HIV which targets CD4+ T cells (vital for coordinating immune response)