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Anatomy And Physiology PHS > Chapter 9 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

ANS. Consists of structures that regulate the body’s automatic functions. Heart rate, contractions of the stomach, secretions of chemicals as examples.

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2
Q

Parts of the nerve cell

A

Cell body, dendrites, axon.

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3
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty, segmented, wrapping around some axons. Formed by Schwann cells.

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4
Q

Schwann cells

A

Create myelin

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5
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between Schwann cells of myelin.

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6
Q

Neurilemma

A

Outer wrapped layer of Schwann cells. Essential to regeneration of cut or injured axons. Not present in brain or spinal cord.

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

Nerve cell projections that carry impulses to cell bodies

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8
Q

Axon

A

Processes that carry nerve impulses away from cell bodies.

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9
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory, motor, interneurons

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10
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. Also called afferent neurons

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11
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord. Only carry impulses to muscle and glandular epithelial tissue. Also called efferent neurons.

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12
Q

Interneurons

A

Conduct impulses from sensory to motor neurons. Often connect to form complex central networks of nerve fibers. Sometimes called central or connecting neurons.

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13
Q

Glia (neuroglia)

A

Support cells of the nervous system. Help coordinate and hold together neurons. Two types. Central and peripheral.

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14
Q

Glioma

A

Common type of brain tumor that develops from glia

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15
Q

Central glia

A

Vary in shape and size. Support the CNS

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16
Q

Astrocytes

A

Glial cells of the central area. Look like stars. Attach blood vessels to neurons. Form blood brain barrier

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17
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Formed by astrocytes that separates blood from brain tissue in case of harmful chemicals in the blood.

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18
Q

Microglia

A

Smaller than astrocytes. Usually stationary but will enlarge and move in the presence of harmful microbes and damaged tissue via phagocytosis.

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Help hold nerve fibers together but also produce myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord. Can form sheaths around multiple axons.

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20
Q

Peripheral glia

A

Made up of Schwann cells that wrap around only one axon.

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21
Q

Nerve

A

Group of peripheral nerve axons bundled together like the strands of a cable. Often with myelin. Myelin is white so peripheral nerves look white.

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22
Q

Endoneurium

A

Fibrous connecting tissue that surrounds each axon.

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23
Q

Fasicles

A

Groups of wrapped axons.

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24
Q

Perineurium

A

Thin fibrous connective tissue around each fasicle

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25
Epineurium
Tough, fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve.
26
Tracts
Bundles of axons in the CNS. Myelinated so called white matter.
27
Grey matter
Unmyelinated axons and dendrites of the CNS.
28
Neuron pathways
Routes that neuron impulses (action impulses) travel.
29
Reflex arc
Basic neuron pathway. Two (sensory and motor) or three (all three types) arc. Allow impulses in only one direction.
30
Receptor
Beginnings of dendrites in sensory neurons. Often located far from the spinal cord.
31
Ganglion
Group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS located near the spinal cord.
32
Synapse
Junction between nerve cells. Chemical signals are sent across the synapse to allow impulses to continue.
33
Effector
An organ that puts nerve signals into effect. Usually a muscle or gland.
34
Reflex
Response to an impulse over a reflex arc
35
Withdrawal reflex
Three neuron reflex response where skin moves away from a stimulus
36
Saltatory conduction
When impulses encounter myelin they jump the myelin to next gap. Much faster travel than nonmyelinated sections.
37
Components of a synapse
Synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, plasma membrane
38
Synaptic knob
Tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of the presynaptic neuron’s axon. Filled with vesicles that contain neurotransmitter.
39
Synaptic cleft
Place between the synaptic knob and plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. Narrow and filled with extra cellular matrix that holds synaptic structure in place.
40
Catecholamines
Neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin. Play roles in sleep, motor function, mood and pleasure.
41
Morphine like neurotransmitters
Endorphins, enkephalins.
42
Divisions of the brain
Brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum
43
Brainstem
Medulla oblongota, Pons, Midbrain. Reflex controls for heartbeat, respiration, blood vessel diameter. Two way conduction from spinal cord to the brain.
44
Cerebellum
Essential to normal movements. Equilibrium, posture. May assist the cerebrum as well.
45
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland. Hormone secretion.
46
Hypothalamus
Helps control heart beat, blood vessels, contractions of stomach and intestines. Antidiuretic hormone. Lots of hormones released via endocrine glands. Crucial for body temperature. Sleep, appetite, many emotions.
47
Thalamus
Helps produce sensations, associates sensations with emotions, plays a part in the arousal or alerting mechanism.
48
Pineal gland
Releases melatonin based on light sensory information.
49
Cerebrum
Largest part of the brain. Consciousness, thinking, memory, sensations, emotions, willed movement.
50
Gyri
Ridges of the cerebrum
51
Sulci
Fissure of the cerebrum.
52
Cerebral cortex
Thin layer of grey matter on the surface of the cerebrum.
53
Spinal cord reflexes
Conduction over arcs whose centers lie in the spinal cord. Two common reflexes are withdrawal and jerk reflexes.
54
Meninges
Tough, fluid cushioned membranes that protect the spinal cord and brain.
55
Dura mater
Outer layer of the meninges. Tough. Lines the vertebral canal
56
Pia mater
Innermost membrane of the meninges covering the spinal cord itself.
57
Arachnoid mater
Middle layer of the meninges. Cobweb like with fluid in the spaces.
58
Cerebrospinal fluid
Fluid between pia mater and arachnoid mater. Also fills ventricles in the brain. Forms continually and will circulate then return to the blood.
59
Choroid plexus
Brain capillaries that filter blood to form CSF.
60
Cranial nerves
12. Conduct impulses between the brain and structures in the head, neck, thoracic and abdominal cavities.
61
Spinal nerves
31 pairs. 8 cervical, 12, thoracic, 5, lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal.
62
Plexus
Nerve fibers from several spinal nerves are reorganized to form a single peripheral nerve.
63
Dermatomes
Skin surface areas supplied by a single spinal nerve.
64
Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
65
Autonomic neurons
Motor neurons that make up the ANS.
66
Ganglia
Junction boxes between pre and post autonomic neurons
67
Preganglionic neurons
Conduct impulses between spinal cord and ganglion
68
Postganglionic neurons
Conduct impulses from ganglion to cardiac, smooth or glandular epithelial tissue.
69
Autonomic or visceral effectors
Tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses.
70
Sympathetic system functions
Emergency system. Takes control when we exercise or experience strong emotions. Fight or flight responses.
71
Parasympathetic response
Frequently only to one organ as opposed to many with sympathetic organs responses.
72
Cholinergic fibers
Release acetylcholine. Sympathetic preganglionic axon, pre and post parasympathetic axons.
73
Adrenergic fibers
Release norepinephrine. Sympathetic postganglionic axon.

Anatomy And Physiology PHS (21 decks)

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