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anatomy and physiology phs > Chapter 9 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

ANS. Consists of structures that regulate the body’s automatic functions. Heart rate, contractions of the stomach, secretions of chemicals as examples.

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2
Q

Parts of the nerve cell

A

Cell body, dendrites, axon.

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3
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty, segmented, wrapping around some axons. Formed by Schwann cells.

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4
Q

Schwann cells

A

Create myelin

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5
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between Schwann cells of myelin.

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6
Q

Neurilemma

A

Outer wrapped layer of Schwann cells. Essential to regeneration of cut or injured axons. Not present in brain or spinal cord.

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7
Q

Dendrites

A

Nerve cell projections that carry impulses to cell bodies

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8
Q

Axon

A

Processes that carry nerve impulses away from cell bodies.

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9
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory, motor, interneurons

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10
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carry impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. Also called afferent neurons

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11
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord. Only carry impulses to muscle and glandular epithelial tissue. Also called efferent neurons.

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12
Q

Interneurons

A

Conduct impulses from sensory to motor neurons. Often connect to form complex central networks of nerve fibers. Sometimes called central or connecting neurons.

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13
Q

Glia (neuroglia)

A

Support cells of the nervous system. Help coordinate and hold together neurons. Two types. Central and peripheral.

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14
Q

Glioma

A

Common type of brain tumor that develops from glia

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15
Q

Central glia

A

Vary in shape and size. Support the CNS

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16
Q

Astrocytes

A

Glial cells of the central area. Look like stars. Attach blood vessels to neurons. Form blood brain barrier

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17
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Formed by astrocytes that separates blood from brain tissue in case of harmful chemicals in the blood.

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18
Q

Microglia

A

Smaller than astrocytes. Usually stationary but will enlarge and move in the presence of harmful microbes and damaged tissue via phagocytosis.

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Help hold nerve fibers together but also produce myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord. Can form sheaths around multiple axons.

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20
Q

Peripheral glia

A

Made up of Schwann cells that wrap around only one axon.

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21
Q

Nerve

A

Group of peripheral nerve axons bundled together like the strands of a cable. Often with myelin. Myelin is white so peripheral nerves look white.

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22
Q

Endoneurium

A

Fibrous connecting tissue that surrounds each axon.

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23
Q

Fasicles

A

Groups of wrapped axons.

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24
Q

Perineurium

A

Thin fibrous connective tissue around each fasicle

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25
Q

Epineurium

A

Tough, fibrous sheath that covers the whole nerve.

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26
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of axons in the CNS. Myelinated so called white matter.

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27
Q

Grey matter

A

Unmyelinated axons and dendrites of the CNS.

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28
Q

Neuron pathways

A

Routes that neuron impulses (action impulses) travel.

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29
Q

Reflex arc

A

Basic neuron pathway. Two (sensory and motor) or three (all three types) arc. Allow impulses in only one direction.

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30
Q

Receptor

A

Beginnings of dendrites in sensory neurons. Often located far from the spinal cord.

31
Q

Ganglion

A

Group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS located near the spinal cord.

32
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between nerve cells. Chemical signals are sent across the synapse to allow impulses to continue.

33
Q

Effector

A

An organ that puts nerve signals into effect. Usually a muscle or gland.

34
Q

Reflex

A

Response to an impulse over a reflex arc

35
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A

Three neuron reflex response where skin moves away from a stimulus

36
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

When impulses encounter myelin they jump the myelin to next gap. Much faster travel than nonmyelinated sections.

37
Q

Components of a synapse

A

Synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, plasma membrane

38
Q

Synaptic knob

A

Tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of the presynaptic neuron’s axon. Filled with vesicles that contain neurotransmitter.

39
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Place between the synaptic knob and plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. Narrow and filled with extra cellular matrix that holds synaptic structure in place.

40
Q

Catecholamines

A

Neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin. Play roles in sleep, motor function, mood and pleasure.

41
Q

Morphine like neurotransmitters

A

Endorphins, enkephalins.

42
Q

Divisions of the brain

A

Brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum

43
Q

Brainstem

A

Medulla oblongota, Pons, Midbrain. Reflex controls for heartbeat, respiration, blood vessel diameter. Two way conduction from spinal cord to the brain.

44
Q

Cerebellum

A

Essential to normal movements. Equilibrium, posture. May assist the cerebrum as well.

45
Q

Diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus, pineal gland. Hormone secretion.

46
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Helps control heart beat, blood vessels, contractions of stomach and intestines. Antidiuretic hormone. Lots of hormones released via endocrine glands. Crucial for body temperature. Sleep, appetite, many emotions.

47
Q

Thalamus

A

Helps produce sensations, associates sensations with emotions, plays a part in the arousal or alerting mechanism.

48
Q

Pineal gland

A

Releases melatonin based on light sensory information.

49
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain. Consciousness, thinking, memory, sensations, emotions, willed movement.

50
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges of the cerebrum

51
Q

Sulci

A

Fissure of the cerebrum.

52
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Thin layer of grey matter on the surface of the cerebrum.

53
Q

Spinal cord reflexes

A

Conduction over arcs whose centers lie in the spinal cord. Two common reflexes are withdrawal and jerk reflexes.

54
Q

Meninges

A

Tough, fluid cushioned membranes that protect the spinal cord and brain.

55
Q

Dura mater

A

Outer layer of the meninges. Tough. Lines the vertebral canal

56
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost membrane of the meninges covering the spinal cord itself.

57
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle layer of the meninges. Cobweb like with fluid in the spaces.

58
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Fluid between pia mater and arachnoid mater. Also fills ventricles in the brain. Forms continually and will circulate then return to the blood.

59
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Brain capillaries that filter blood to form CSF.

60
Q

Cranial nerves

A
  1. Conduct impulses between the brain and structures in the head, neck, thoracic and abdominal cavities.
61
Q

Spinal nerves

A

31 pairs. 8 cervical, 12, thoracic, 5, lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal.

62
Q

Plexus

A

Nerve fibers from several spinal nerves are reorganized to form a single peripheral nerve.

63
Q

Dermatomes

A

Skin surface areas supplied by a single spinal nerve.

64
Q

Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

65
Q

Autonomic neurons

A

Motor neurons that make up the ANS.

66
Q

Ganglia

A

Junction boxes between pre and post autonomic neurons

67
Q

Preganglionic neurons

A

Conduct impulses between spinal cord and ganglion

68
Q

Postganglionic neurons

A

Conduct impulses from ganglion to cardiac, smooth or glandular epithelial tissue.

69
Q

Autonomic or visceral effectors

A

Tissues to which autonomic neurons conduct impulses.

70
Q

Sympathetic system functions

A

Emergency system. Takes control when we exercise or experience strong emotions. Fight or flight responses.

71
Q

Parasympathetic response

A

Frequently only to one organ as opposed to many with sympathetic organs responses.

72
Q

Cholinergic fibers

A

Release acetylcholine. Sympathetic preganglionic axon, pre and post parasympathetic axons.

73
Q

Adrenergic fibers

A

Release norepinephrine. Sympathetic postganglionic axon.

anatomy and physiology phs (21 decks)

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