Chapter 12 - Blood Flashcards
Plasma
Liquid extra cellular portion of blood
Formed elements
Different types of cells, cell fragments suspended in plasma
Plasma proteins
Make up about 7% of plasma by weight. Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, prothrombin. Most abundant solute in plasma
Albumins
Help retain water in blood by osmosis
Globulins
Antibodies that help protect from infections in the blood. Plasma protein
Blood serum
Plasma minus it’s clotting factors. Obtained from whole blood by allowing it to clot in the bottom of the tube and pouring off the liquid
Formed elements
3 main types and several subtypes in blood. 45% of of blood
3 main types of formed elements in blood
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes)
White blood cell subtypes
Granular leukocytes, agranular leukocytes
Granular leukocytes
Have granules in their cytoplasm. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranular leukocytes
No granules in their cytoplasm. Lymphocytes, monocytes
Hematopoiesis
Creation of new blood cells. Two connective tissues carry out this process. Myeloid tissue, lymphoid tissue
Myeloid tissue
Red bone marrow. Creates all types of blood cells except lymphocytes. Sternum, ribs, and coxal bones primarily
Lymphoid tissue
Create lymphocytes. White masses found chiefly in lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
Hemoglobin
Inside red blood cells. Unique chemical properties allow carrying oxygen and buffering blood.
CBC
Complete blood count test. Used to measure many levels of blood constituents. Often ordered as part of a routine physical
Normal RBC levels
4.2-6.2 million per cubic millimeter Males generally higher than females.
Hematocrit (Hct)
Tested to find the proportion of red blood cells to the whole blood. Normally about 45%.
Hemoglobin makeup
Quarternary protein made up of 4 folded polypeptide chains. Two alpha and two beta. Heme groups embedded with iron atoms that attract oxygen.
Oxyhemoglobin
HbO2. Oxygen and hemoglobin complex. Transports 98.5% of oxygen.
Carbaminohemoglobin
HbCO2. Carbon dioxide attached to hemoglobin. Transports about 20% of waste CO2.
Anemia
Number of different disease conditions caused by the inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the body cells.
Buffy Coat
Light colored layer of whole blood that contains white blood cells and platelets
Hemorrhagic anemia
Results from the decrease in RBCs caused by hemorrhage
Aplastic anemia
Reduction in RBCs following destruction of blood forming elements in bone marrow. Exposure to toxic chemicals, high dose radiation, certain drugs and chemo agents.
Pernicious anemia
Deficiency of RBCs due to the stomach not producing Intrinsic Factor that allows B12 to be absorbed from food we eat.