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anatomy and physiology phs > Chapter 12 - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid extra cellular portion of blood

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2
Q

Formed elements

A

Different types of cells, cell fragments suspended in plasma

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3
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Make up about 7% of plasma by weight. Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, prothrombin. Most abundant solute in plasma

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4
Q

Albumins

A

Help retain water in blood by osmosis

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5
Q

Globulins

A

Antibodies that help protect from infections in the blood. Plasma protein

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6
Q

Blood serum

A

Plasma minus it’s clotting factors. Obtained from whole blood by allowing it to clot in the bottom of the tube and pouring off the liquid

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7
Q

Formed elements

A

3 main types and several subtypes in blood. 45% of of blood

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8
Q

3 main types of formed elements in blood

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes)

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9
Q

White blood cell subtypes

A

Granular leukocytes, agranular leukocytes

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10
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

Have granules in their cytoplasm. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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11
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

No granules in their cytoplasm. Lymphocytes, monocytes

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12
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Creation of new blood cells. Two connective tissues carry out this process. Myeloid tissue, lymphoid tissue

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13
Q

Myeloid tissue

A

Red bone marrow. Creates all types of blood cells except lymphocytes. Sternum, ribs, and coxal bones primarily

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14
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Create lymphocytes. White masses found chiefly in lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

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15
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Inside red blood cells. Unique chemical properties allow carrying oxygen and buffering blood.

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16
Q

CBC

A

Complete blood count test. Used to measure many levels of blood constituents. Often ordered as part of a routine physical

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17
Q

Normal RBC levels

A

4.2-6.2 million per cubic millimeter Males generally higher than females.

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18
Q

Hematocrit (Hct)

A

Tested to find the proportion of red blood cells to the whole blood. Normally about 45%.

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19
Q

Hemoglobin makeup

A

Quarternary protein made up of 4 folded polypeptide chains. Two alpha and two beta. Heme groups embedded with iron atoms that attract oxygen.

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20
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

HbO2. Oxygen and hemoglobin complex. Transports 98.5% of oxygen.

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21
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

HbCO2. Carbon dioxide attached to hemoglobin. Transports about 20% of waste CO2.

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22
Q

Anemia

A

Number of different disease conditions caused by the inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the body cells.

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23
Q

Buffy Coat

A

Light colored layer of whole blood that contains white blood cells and platelets

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24
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia

A

Results from the decrease in RBCs caused by hemorrhage

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25
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

Reduction in RBCs following destruction of blood forming elements in bone marrow. Exposure to toxic chemicals, high dose radiation, certain drugs and chemo agents.

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26
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Deficiency of RBCs due to the stomach not producing Intrinsic Factor that allows B12 to be absorbed from food we eat.

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27
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

Without iron the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin

28
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Genetic disease that results in the limited formation of abnormal hemoglobin called sickle hemoglobin or hemoglobin S. (HbS) Defective hemoglobin forms crystals and causes the RBC to become fragile and sickle shaped when blood O2 is low

29
Q

Sickle cell trait

A

A person with only one defective gene. Only small amounts of HbS are formed. Often no symptoms at all. Can become ill under high stress or exertion.

30
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

When a person inherits two defective genes. More HbS. Can cause reduction in blood flow, abnormal clotting, and in episodes of crisis severe pooling of blood that can cause death.

31
Q

Polycythemia

A

Excess red blood cells. Blood may become to thick to flow properly resulting in heart attack or stroke.

32
Q

Antigen

A

Substance that can stimulate the body to produce antibodies. Almost all substances that act as antigens are foreign molecules.

33
Q

Antibody

A

Substance made by the body in response to an antigen. Many react with antigens to cause clumping (agglutinate)

34
Q

Agglutinate

A

Clumping of antigens caused by antibodies.

35
Q

ABO system

A

Used to define blood types. A, B, AB, O

36
Q

Rh system

A

Positive or negative to the Antigen Rh (Rh factor) Can cause issues with mothers carrying second children due to hemolytic anemia

37
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

Hemolytic anemia where mothers Rh antibodies react with baby’s Rh positive cells.

38
Q

RhoGAM

A

Immunoglobulin serum to Rh negative mothers who carry a Rh positive baby. Stops mother from creating anti-Rh antibodies.

39
Q

Universal donor blood

A

O- as it contains no antigens in the blood that would cause agglutination.

40
Q

Universal recipient blood

A

AB+. Contains no antibodies in the plasma

41
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells. Have an oddly shaped nucleus. No hemoglobin thus almost transparent. Involved in immunity.

42
Q

WBC Count

A

5000-10000 per cubic millimeter is normal

43
Q

Leukopenia

A

Abnormally low WBC counts. Does not often occur however malfunction of blood forming tissues and cells or some diseases such as AIDS may lower WBC counts.

44
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Abnormally high WBC counts. More common than leukopenia. Almost always accompanies a bacterial infection. Seen in many forms of blood cancer.

45
Q

Differential WBC count

A

Component test of the a CBC test. Shows what percentages of each WBC type make up the total. Useful for diagnosis certain types of infections.

46
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granular. Most numerous of active WBC. Protect the body from invaders via phagocytosis.

47
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Taking microorganisms in and digesting them in a cell body.

48
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granular. Weak phagocyte. Protection against certain parasites and parasitic worms. Also involved in regulating allergic reactions.

49
Q

Basophils

A

Granular. Secretes histamine which is released during inflammatory reactions. Also produce an anticoagulant heparin.

50
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant that prevents blood from clotting as it flows through the blood vessels of the body.

51
Q

Monocytes

A

Agranular. Largest of the leukocytes. Capable of eating large bacteria and cancer.

52
Q

Macrophages

A

Large monocytes that have grown several times their normal size after leaving the blood stream.

53
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Agranular. Don’t use phagocytosis. Two types B and T. Function in the immune mechanism.

54
Q

B lymphocyte

A

Secrete antibodies that attach to specific antigens.

55
Q

Plasma cells

A

Active B lymphocytes. Found in unusually large numbers in bone marrow cancer called multiple myeloma

56
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Mature in the thymus. Do not secrete antibodies. Attack invaders directly.

57
Q

Leukemia

A

Number of blood cancers that affect WBC. Active or chronic. Much elevated WBC counts with many not functioning properly.

58
Q

Platelets

A

Third main type of formed element of the blood. Essential for coagulation. Also called thrombocytes. Much smaller than RBCs.

59
Q

Hemostasis

A

Blood clotting process

60
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Smooth muscles around the wall of a vessel contract after injury and restrict diameter of the vessel. Temporarily closes gaps and reduces blood flow.

61
Q

Prothrombin activator

A

When damaged tissues release clotting factors that react with factors in the blood

62
Q

Platelet plug

A

When platelets come to exposed collagen fibers at the site of injury and rapidly accumulate. Release additional clotting factor. Positive feedback response.

63
Q

Prothrombin / fibrinogen

A

Last step of clotting where these plasma proteins are converted to thrombin and fibrin. Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to form fibrin.

64
Q

Fibrin

A

Final clotting stage when thrombin reacts with fibrinogen. Is a fibrous gel.

65
Q

Thrombus

A

When a clot forms and stays in place in the blood vessel. As a condition called a thrombosis

66
Q

Embolus

A

When a clot dislodges into the blood stream. As a condition called embolism.

anatomy and physiology phs (21 decks)

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