Chapter 18 - Urinary System

Question 1

Uremia

Answer 1

Uremic poisoning. Toxic build up of wastes in the blood

Question 2

Hilum

Answer 2

Medial indentation of the kidneys where vessels, nerves, and the ureter connect with the kidney

Question 3

Renal cortex

Answer 3

Outer part of the kidney

Question 4

Renal medulla

Answer 4

Inner portion of the kidney

Question 5

Renal pyramids

Answer 5

Triangular divisions of the medulla of the kidney

Question 6

Renal columns

Answer 6

Extensions of the cortical tissue that dip between the renal pyramids

Question 7

Renal pelvis

Answer 7

Expansion of the upper end of the ureter

Question 8

Renal papilla

Answer 8

Narrow, innermost end of the renal pyramids

Question 9

Calyx

Answer 9

Division of the renal pelvis

Question 10

Nephron

Answer 10

Microscopic unit of the kidney. Tiny funnel with long stem with many bends. Divided into renal corpuscle, renal tubule.

Question 11

Renal corpuscle

Answer 11

Divided into two parts. Bowman capsule. Glomerulus

Question 12

Bowman capsule

Answer 12

Cup shaped top of the nephron. Hollow. Surrounds the glomerulus

Question 13

Glomerulus

Answer 13

Blood capillaries in the bowman capsule. Has afferent and efferent arteries. High pressure to filter waste

Question 14

Afferent arteriole

Answer 14

Delivers blood to glomerulus. Bigger than the efferent to create high pressure for filtering

Question 15

Efferent arteriole

Answer 15

Carries blood from glomerulus. Smaller than afferent arteriole.

Question 16

Renal tubule

Answer 16

Divided into 4 parts. Proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tube, collecting duct.

Question 17

Proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 17

First segment of the renal tubule. Nearest to origin from the bowman capsule. Has several bends.

Question 18

Nephron Loop

Answer 18

Extension of the proximal tubule. Has straight descending limb, hairpin turn, straight ascending limb

Question 19

Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 19

Distal to the renal corpuscle . Extension of ascending limb

Question 20

Collecting duct

Answer 20

Straight part of the renal tubule. Several distal tubules join to form collecting duct

Question 21

Cortical nephrons

Answer 21

Nephrons in the renal cortex

Question 22

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 22

Renal corpuscles located between the cortex and medullary layers. Important role in concentrating urine

Question 23

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Answer 23

Function in blood pressure and blood volume regulation. Secrete enzymes to restore normal blood volume.

Question 24

Erythropoietin

Answer 24

Secreted during hypoxia to trigger bone marrow to create more red blood cells.

Question 25

Three blood balancing processes

Answer 25

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Question 26

Filtration

Answer 26

Pressure from the glomerulus forces filtration water and dissolved substances into the bowman capsule to be filtered out. Body produces 50 gallons of glomerular filtrate daily to be reabsorbed

Question 27

Reabsorption

Answer 27

Movement of substances out of the renal tubules into blood capillaries around the tubules. Water, glucose, nutrients, sodium and other ions. Begins at the proximal convoluted tubules. 99% return to the blood.

Question 28

Renal threshold

Answer 28

Blood glucose level passes this threshold and glucose cannot be reabsorbed by the kidney and remains in urine. Glycosuria is a sign of diabetes mellitus

Question 29

Sodium reabsorption

Answer 29

Special case in nephron loop. Countercurrent flow permits large amounts of sodium and chloride into interstitial fluid of the medulla. Makes kidney able to concentrate urine.

Question 30

Secretion

Answer 30

Moving substances out of the blood to the urine. Excess potassium, hydrogen, certain drugs including penicillin, phenobarbital, and wastes like urea, uric acid, and creatine

Question 31

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Answer 31

Started by an enzyme called renin. Causes constriction of blood vessels and raises blood pressure. Triggers release of aldosterone.p

Question 32

Anuria

Answer 32

Absence of urine

Question 33

Oliguria

Answer 33

Scanty amount of urine

Question 34

Polyuria

Answer 34

Unusually large amounts of urine

Question 35

Renal pelvis

Answer 35

Basin like upper end of the ureter located in the kidney

Question 36

Ureter

Answer 36

Tube that connects renal pelvis to urinary bladder

Question 37

Rugae

Answer 37

Folds on the bladder when empty

Question 38

Trigone

Answer 38

No rugae on this portion of the bladder. Between two ureter openings and the urethral opening

Question 39

Cystitis

Answer 39

Bladder infection

Question 40

Emptying reflex

Answer 40

Process that initiates when the bladder fills and stimulates nerve impulses to begin the emptying process

Question 41

Enuresis

Answer 41

Urinary incontinence

Question 42

Neurogenic bladder

Answer 42

When the bladder is totally cut off from spinal innervation the bladder acquires some automatic action and periodic but unpredictable voiding happens.

Question 43

Urinalysis

Answer 43

Physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine.