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Anatomy And Physiology PHS > Chapter 15 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory organs

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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2
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx

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3
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea, all segments of the bronchial tree, lungs

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4
Q

Respiratory mucosa

A

Membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the respiratory system. Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. Has goblet cells that release mucus

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5
Q

Mucous blanket

A

Traps contaminants from the air. Lines most of the ciliated cells. Produces 125mL of mucous per day.

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6
Q

Ciliary escalator

A

Motion of the cilia to move mucous up towards the pharynx.

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7
Q

External nares

A

Nostrils. Where air enters

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8
Q

Nasal cavities

A

Mucous lined cavity. Also has olfactory nerves here. Divided by nasal septum

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9
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Four. Frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal. Create mucous for the nasal tract. Hollow to help lighten skull bones.

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10
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the nasal sinuses. Pressure, pain, headache, tenderness, swelling, and redness.

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11
Q

Conchae

A

3 shelf like structures in the nasal cavity that increase surface area to warm and humidify air. Sometimes called nasal turbinates

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12
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat. Nasal, oro, laryngo divisions. Connect nose to the lungs

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13
Q

Auditory tubes

A

Connect middle ear to the nasopharynx. Permits equalization of pressure between middle and exterior ear.

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14
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box. 9 pieces of cartilage.

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15
Q

Vocal cords

A

Two short fibrous bands across the interior of the larynx. Muscles attached to the larynx stretch them to change pitches.

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16
Q

Glottis

A

Space between the vocal cords

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17
Q

Epiglottis

A

Cartilage that partially covers the larynx. Closes during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the trachea

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18
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe. Passageway to the lungs. Lined with mucous that filters the air. Made of 15-20 C shaped cartilage pieces.

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19
Q

Primary bronchi

A

Right and left bronchus. First divisions after the trachea

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20
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

Branches off the primary. Kept open by rings of cartilage for air passage. Divide into smaller and smaller branches ultimately branching into smooth muscles tubes called bronchioles

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21
Q

Bronchioles

A

Tiny, smooth muscle passageways at the end of the bronchi

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22
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Microscopic subdivision of the bronchiole. Resembles a grape stem. Branches into alveolar sacs

23
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

Resemble clusters of grapes. Lined with alveoli

24
Q

Alveoli

A

The grapes of the alveolar sac. One layer of simple squamous epithelial cells. Very good at diffusion. Millions of these so large surface area.

25
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Thin barrier between alveoli and capillaries. 1 micron thick.

26
Q

Surfactant

A

Reduces surface tension of the watery mucous lining the alveoli. Keeps alveoli from collapsing with each breath.

27
Q

Lungs

A

Large organs. Fissure divide them into lobes. Two on left. 3 on right. Has an apex and base. Made up of all the elements of the bronchial tree, alveoli, and pulmonary blood vessels.

28
Q

Pleura

A

Serous membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs. Thin, moist, slippery membrane. Two layers. Parietal and visceral.

29
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura that causes pain when the layers rub together.

30
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in the interpleural space on the side of the chest. Can lead to a collapsed lung

31
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Breathing

32
Q

External respiration

A

Breathing and the exchange of gases from the blood.

33
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of air from blood to tissue cells

34
Q

Inspiratory muscles

A

Muscles that increase the volume in the thorax. Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. Phrenic nerve supply’s the impulses for breathing.

35
Q

Expiratory muscles

A

Internal intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles. Used to create more forceful expiration of air

36
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air during normal inspiration and expiration. Like the tides of the sea.

37
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum amount of able to be expelled from deep breathing. ~4800mL for a young adult male.

38
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can forcefully exhaled after the tidal volume is expelled.

39
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Amount of air that can be forcefully inspired after normal inspiration.

40
Q

Residual volume

A

Air that remains in the lungs after forceful expiration

41
Q

Respiratory control center

A

Send nerve impulses to stimulate muscles for breathing. Located in the brainstem.

42
Q

Medullary rhythmicity area

A

Seem to produce the basic rhythm of breathing.

43
Q

Ventral respiratory group

A

Produces basic rhythm of breathing

44
Q

Dorsal respiratory group

A

Adjusts breathing based on blood pH or carbon dioxide level changes

45
Q

Pontine respiratory group

A

Provide input to dorsal respiratory group during changing conditions to help regulate rhythm of breathing

46
Q

Cerebral cortex respiratory control

A

Allows us to override the automatic breathing impulses to hold our breath or speed up for a variety of tasks.

47
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Located in carotid and aortic bodies. Specialized sensors that monitor O2 and CO2 levels in blood. Can also sense blood acidity via chemoreflexes.

48
Q

Pulmonary stretch receptors

A

Located throughout the pulmonary airways and alveoli. Monitor stretching to avoid overinflating the lungs

49
Q

Eupnea

A

Normal breathing

50
Q

Dyspnea

A

Labored or difficult breathing. Often associated with hypoventilation

51
Q

Apnea

A

Complete stopping of breath

52
Q

Cheyne-Strokes respiration

A

Alternating apnea and hyperventilation episodes.

53
Q

Partial pressure

A

Because oxygen and carbon dioxide on represent part of normal air we use PO2 or PCO2.

54
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

Enzyme present in RBCs that allows the creation of bicarbonate to speed up transport of CO2.

Anatomy And Physiology PHS (21 decks)

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