Chapter 15 - Respiratory System

Question 1

Respiratory organs

Answer 1

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Question 2

Upper respiratory tract

Answer 2

Nose, pharynx, larynx

Question 3

Lower respiratory tract

Answer 3

Trachea, all segments of the bronchial tree, lungs

Question 4

Respiratory mucosa

Answer 4

Membrane that lines most of the air distribution tubes in the respiratory system. Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. Has goblet cells that release mucus

Question 5

Mucous blanket

Answer 5

Traps contaminants from the air. Lines most of the ciliated cells. Produces 125mL of mucous per day.

Question 6

Ciliary escalator

Answer 6

Motion of the cilia to move mucous up towards the pharynx.

Question 7

External nares

Answer 7

Nostrils. Where air enters

Question 8

Nasal cavities

Answer 8

Mucous lined cavity. Also has olfactory nerves here. Divided by nasal septum

Question 9

Paranasal sinuses

Answer 9

Four. Frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal. Create mucous for the nasal tract. Hollow to help lighten skull bones.

Question 10

Sinusitis

Answer 10

Inflammation of the nasal sinuses. Pressure, pain, headache, tenderness, swelling, and redness.

Question 11

Conchae

Answer 11

3 shelf like structures in the nasal cavity that increase surface area to warm and humidify air. Sometimes called nasal turbinates

Question 12

Pharynx

Answer 12

Throat. Nasal, oro, laryngo divisions. Connect nose to the lungs

Question 13

Auditory tubes

Answer 13

Connect middle ear to the nasopharynx. Permits equalization of pressure between middle and exterior ear.

Question 14

Larynx

Answer 14

Voice box. 9 pieces of cartilage.

Question 15

Vocal cords

Answer 15

Two short fibrous bands across the interior of the larynx. Muscles attached to the larynx stretch them to change pitches.

Question 16

Glottis

Answer 16

Space between the vocal cords

Question 17

Epiglottis

Answer 17

Cartilage that partially covers the larynx. Closes during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the trachea

Question 18

Trachea

Answer 18

Windpipe. Passageway to the lungs. Lined with mucous that filters the air. Made of 15-20 C shaped cartilage pieces.

Question 19

Primary bronchi

Answer 19

Right and left bronchus. First divisions after the trachea

Question 20

Secondary bronchi

Answer 20

Branches off the primary. Kept open by rings of cartilage for air passage. Divide into smaller and smaller branches ultimately branching into smooth muscles tubes called bronchioles

Question 21

Bronchioles

Answer 21

Tiny, smooth muscle passageways at the end of the bronchi

Question 22

Alveolar ducts

Answer 22

Microscopic subdivision of the bronchiole. Resembles a grape stem. Branches into alveolar sacs

Question 23

Alveolar sacs

Answer 23

Resemble clusters of grapes. Lined with alveoli

Question 24

Alveoli

Answer 24

The grapes of the alveolar sac. One layer of simple squamous epithelial cells. Very good at diffusion. Millions of these so large surface area.

Question 25

Respiratory membrane

Answer 25

Thin barrier between alveoli and capillaries. 1 micron thick.

Question 26

Surfactant

Answer 26

Reduces surface tension of the watery mucous lining the alveoli. Keeps alveoli from collapsing with each breath.

Question 27

Lungs

Answer 27

Large organs. Fissure divide them into lobes. Two on left. 3 on right. Has an apex and base. Made up of all the elements of the bronchial tree, alveoli, and pulmonary blood vessels.

Question 28

Pleura

Answer 28

Serous membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs. Thin, moist, slippery membrane. Two layers. Parietal and visceral.

Question 29

Pleurisy

Answer 29

Inflammation of the pleura that causes pain when the layers rub together.

Question 30

Pneumothorax

Answer 30

Air in the interpleural space on the side of the chest. Can lead to a collapsed lung

Question 31

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 31

Breathing

Question 32

External respiration

Answer 32

Breathing and the exchange of gases from the blood.

Question 33

Internal respiration

Answer 33

Exchange of air from blood to tissue cells

Question 34

Inspiratory muscles

Answer 34

Muscles that increase the volume in the thorax. Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. Phrenic nerve supply’s the impulses for breathing.

Question 35

Expiratory muscles

Answer 35

Internal intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles. Used to create more forceful expiration of air

Question 36

Tidal volume

Answer 36

Volume of air during normal inspiration and expiration. Like the tides of the sea.

Question 37

Vital capacity

Answer 37

Maximum amount of able to be expelled from deep breathing. ~4800mL for a young adult male.

Question 38

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 38

Amount of air that can forcefully exhaled after the tidal volume is expelled.

Question 39

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 39

Amount of air that can be forcefully inspired after normal inspiration.

Question 40

Residual volume

Answer 40

Air that remains in the lungs after forceful expiration

Question 41

Respiratory control center

Answer 41

Send nerve impulses to stimulate muscles for breathing. Located in the brainstem.

Question 42

Medullary rhythmicity area

Answer 42

Seem to produce the basic rhythm of breathing.

Question 43

Ventral respiratory group

Answer 43

Produces basic rhythm of breathing

Question 44

Dorsal respiratory group

Answer 44

Adjusts breathing based on blood pH or carbon dioxide level changes

Question 45

Pontine respiratory group

Answer 45

Provide input to dorsal respiratory group during changing conditions to help regulate rhythm of breathing

Question 46

Cerebral cortex respiratory control

Answer 46

Allows us to override the automatic breathing impulses to hold our breath or speed up for a variety of tasks.

Question 47

Chemoreceptors

Answer 47

Located in carotid and aortic bodies. Specialized sensors that monitor O2 and CO2 levels in blood. Can also sense blood acidity via chemoreflexes.

Question 48

Pulmonary stretch receptors

Answer 48

Located throughout the pulmonary airways and alveoli. Monitor stretching to avoid overinflating the lungs

Question 49

Eupnea

Answer 49

Normal breathing

Question 50

Dyspnea

Answer 50

Labored or difficult breathing. Often associated with hypoventilation

Question 51

Apnea

Answer 51

Complete stopping of breath

Question 52

Cheyne-Strokes respiration

Answer 52

Alternating apnea and hyperventilation episodes.

Question 53

Partial pressure

Answer 53

Because oxygen and carbon dioxide on represent part of normal air we use PO2 or PCO2.

Question 54

Carbonic anhydrase

Answer 54

Enzyme present in RBCs that allows the creation of bicarbonate to speed up transport of CO2.