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Anatomy And Physiology PHS > Chapter 16 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary canal

A

The entire digestive tract from mouth to anus

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2
Q

Motility

A

Movement of the GI wall to move food along the digestive tract

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3
Q

Lumen

A

Inside hollow space of a tube

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4
Q

4 layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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5
Q

Mucosa

A

Inner layer of GI tissue. Mostly simple columnar epithelium except in esophagus. There it is tough abrasion resistant stratified epithelium.

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6
Q

Submucosa

A

Connective tissue just below the mucosa. Many blood vessels and nerves.

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7
Q

Muscularis

A

Two or the muscle layers that produce motility via peristalsis and segmentation.

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8
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic, wavelike contractions of the gut wall that pushes food along. Caused by circular muscle layer in the muscularis.

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9
Q

Segmentation

A

Alternating contractions of a single segment that causes food to swish and mix with digestive fluids.

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10
Q

Serosa

A

Outer layer of the digestive tract. Called visceral peritoneum in the abdominal cavity.

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11
Q

Mesentery

A

Double fold of peritoneal tissue that anchors the loops of the digestive tract to wall of the abdominal cavity.

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12
Q

Hard palate

A

Anterior portion of the roof of the mouth formed by parts of the palatine and maxillary bone.

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13
Q

Soft palate

A

Posterior portion of the roof of the mouth. Mostly muscle. Prevents food and liquids from entering the nasal cavity. Helps with speech and swallowing.

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14
Q

Uvula

A

Prevents food and liquids from entering the nasal cavity. Helps with speech and swallowing. Cone shaped. Hangs from the soft palate.

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15
Q

Frenulum

A

Thin membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

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16
Q

3 main parts of the tooth

A

Crown, neck, root

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17
Q

Crown

A

Exposed visible portion of the tooth. Made of dentin and covered in enamel.

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18
Q

Cementum

A

Covering of the root and neck of the tooth

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19
Q

Neck of the tooth

A

Narrow portion between crown and root. Surrounded by gingiva.

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20
Q

Gingiva

A

Gums

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21
Q

Root

A

Fits into the bony socket that surrounds the root.

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22
Q

Periodontal membrane

A

Lines each tooth socket.

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23
Q

Types of teeth

A

Incisors, canines (cuspids), premolar (bicuspid), molars (tricuspid)

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24
Q

Incisors

A

Sharp cutting teeth up front

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25
Q

Canines

A

Pointed ends good for tearing or piercing.

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26
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

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27
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

20 baby teeth

28
Q

Serous

A

Thin, watery secretions free of mucous.

29
Q

Amylase

A

Digestive enzyme in saliva

30
Q

Parotid glands

A

Largest salivary gland. In front of each ear. Secretes only serous fluids.

31
Q

Submandibular glands

A

Compound salivary gland. Produces serous fluid and mucous. Located just below the mandibular angle. Open into the mouth near the linguinal frenulum.

32
Q

Sublinguinal gland

A

Smallest salivary gland. Only produces mucous. 10-15 ducts. Under the floor of the mouth in front of the other glands.

33
Q

Pharynx

A

Tubelike structure made of muscle and lined with mucous membrane. 3 major components. Part of both digestive and respiratory system.

34
Q

3 parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharanyx, laryngopharynx.

35
Q

Deglutition

A

Act of swallowing food

36
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular, mucous lined tube that connect the pharynx to the stomach. Has sphincters on each end.

37
Q

Three divisions of the stomach

A

Fundus, body, pylorus

38
Q

Fundus

A

Above the opening into the stomach and to the left.

39
Q

Pylorus

A

Narrow apex section of the stomach that joins the small intestine.

40
Q

Chyme

A

Tiny particles of food mixed with gastric juice.

41
Q

Gastric glands

A

Secrete gastric juices

42
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Secreted by cells in the stomach to protect vitamin B12 and saves it for absorption later in the distal small intestine.

43
Q

Rugae

A

Mucous lining folds when the stomach is empty.

44
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

When the stomach displaces upward through the diaphragm.

45
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

The sphincter at the end of the stomach before the small intestine.

46
Q

Small intestine

A

7 meters long. Divided into 3 parts. Contains many loops. Nearly all of the GI digestion and absorption.

47
Q

3 parts of the small intestine

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

48
Q

Duodenum

A

C shaped. Most of the chemical digestion occurs in the first third of the duodenum. Middle third has 2 bile openings (major and minor)

49
Q

Intestinal glands

A

Secrete intestinal digestive juices rich in enzymes, water and ions.

50
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid and also adds enzymes to digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates that are absorbed in the intestine.

51
Q

Plicae

A

Circular folds of the small intestine. Covered in villi. Used for absorption. Large surface area allows for fast absorption. Covered in microvilli.

52
Q

Liver

A

Secretes bile through hepatic ducts into the duodenum. Very large organ. Filters out yellow bile pigments formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin from old red blood cells.

53
Q

Gallbladder

A

Overflow storage for bile. Concentrates bile by removing water from the bile.

54
Q

Bile

A

Contains cholesterol and bile salts that emulsify fats. Mechanism for removing cholesterol from the body via feces.

55
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Hormone triggered by fat in the duodenum that causes contraction of the gallbladder.

56
Q

Pancreatic juice

A

Most important digestive juice. Absorbs carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Also contains bicarbonate that neutralizes hydrochloric acid.

57
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

Sphincter between ilium and large intestine.

58
Q

7 parts of the large intestine

A

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus.

59
Q

Intestinal microbiome

A

Beneficial bacteria that synthesize vitamin K and B complex vitamins that are absorbed and enter the blood. Also has immune functions that protect from intestinal diseases.

60
Q

Peritoneum

A

Large, moist, slippery sheet of serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs inside.

61
Q

Peritoneal space

A

Small space between parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum. Fluid filled to keep moist and allow movement during breathing and digestive movements.

62
Q

Mesentery

A

Extension between layers shaped like a fan that attaches to the lumbar region and anchors the small intestine

63
Q

Greater omentum

A

Pouchlike extension of visceral peritoneum from the stomach, duodenum and transverse colon. Envelops an infected appendix.

64
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Breaks foods into tiny particles. Chewing, swallowing, peristalsis, segmentation, defecation.

65
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Numerous chemicals that breakdown larger non-absorbable food molecules into smaller absorbable nutrients that can pass through the intestinal mucosa.

66
Q

Enzymes

A

Act as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.

67
Q

Pepsin

A

Enzyme in gastric juice that breaks peptide bonds into smaller and smaller chains of amino acids.

Anatomy And Physiology PHS (21 decks)

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