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Anatomy And Physiology PHS > Chapter 16 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary canal

A

The entire digestive tract from mouth to anus

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2
Q

Motility

A

Movement of the GI wall to move food along the digestive tract

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3
Q

Lumen

A

Inside hollow space of a tube

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4
Q

4 layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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5
Q

Mucosa

A

Inner layer of GI tissue. Mostly simple columnar epithelium except in esophagus. There it is tough abrasion resistant stratified epithelium.

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6
Q

Submucosa

A

Connective tissue just below the mucosa. Many blood vessels and nerves.

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7
Q

Muscularis

A

Two or the muscle layers that produce motility via peristalsis and segmentation.

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8
Q

Peristalsis

A

Rhythmic, wavelike contractions of the gut wall that pushes food along. Caused by circular muscle layer in the muscularis.

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9
Q

Segmentation

A

Alternating contractions of a single segment that causes food to swish and mix with digestive fluids.

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10
Q

Serosa

A

Outer layer of the digestive tract. Called visceral peritoneum in the abdominal cavity.

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11
Q

Mesentery

A

Double fold of peritoneal tissue that anchors the loops of the digestive tract to wall of the abdominal cavity.

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12
Q

Hard palate

A

Anterior portion of the roof of the mouth formed by parts of the palatine and maxillary bone.

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13
Q

Soft palate

A

Posterior portion of the roof of the mouth. Mostly muscle. Prevents food and liquids from entering the nasal cavity. Helps with speech and swallowing.

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14
Q

Uvula

A

Prevents food and liquids from entering the nasal cavity. Helps with speech and swallowing. Cone shaped. Hangs from the soft palate.

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15
Q

Frenulum

A

Thin membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

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16
Q

3 main parts of the tooth

A

Crown, neck, root

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17
Q

Crown

A

Exposed visible portion of the tooth. Made of dentin and covered in enamel.

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18
Q

Cementum

A

Covering of the root and neck of the tooth

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19
Q

Neck of the tooth

A

Narrow portion between crown and root. Surrounded by gingiva.

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20
Q

Gingiva

A

Gums

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21
Q

Root

A

Fits into the bony socket that surrounds the root.

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22
Q

Periodontal membrane

A

Lines each tooth socket.

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23
Q

Types of teeth

A

Incisors, canines (cuspids), premolar (bicuspid), molars (tricuspid)

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24
Q

Incisors

A

Sharp cutting teeth up front

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25
Canines
Pointed ends good for tearing or piercing.
26
Mastication
Chewing
27
Deciduous teeth
20 baby teeth
28
Serous
Thin, watery secretions free of mucous.
29
Amylase
Digestive enzyme in saliva
30
Parotid glands
Largest salivary gland. In front of each ear. Secretes only serous fluids.
31
Submandibular glands
Compound salivary gland. Produces serous fluid and mucous. Located just below the mandibular angle. Open into the mouth near the linguinal frenulum.
32
Sublinguinal gland
Smallest salivary gland. Only produces mucous. 10-15 ducts. Under the floor of the mouth in front of the other glands.
33
Pharynx
Tubelike structure made of muscle and lined with mucous membrane. 3 major components. Part of both digestive and respiratory system.
34
3 parts of the pharynx
Nasopharynx, oropharanyx, laryngopharynx.
35
Deglutition
Act of swallowing food
36
Esophagus
Muscular, mucous lined tube that connect the pharynx to the stomach. Has sphincters on each end.
37
Three divisions of the stomach
Fundus, body, pylorus
38
Fundus
Above the opening into the stomach and to the left.
39
Pylorus
Narrow apex section of the stomach that joins the small intestine.
40
Chyme
Tiny particles of food mixed with gastric juice.
41
Gastric glands
Secrete gastric juices
42
Intrinsic factor
Secreted by cells in the stomach to protect vitamin B12 and saves it for absorption later in the distal small intestine.
43
Rugae
Mucous lining folds when the stomach is empty.
44
Hiatal hernia
When the stomach displaces upward through the diaphragm.
45
Pyloric sphincter
The sphincter at the end of the stomach before the small intestine.
46
Small intestine
7 meters long. Divided into 3 parts. Contains many loops. Nearly all of the GI digestion and absorption.
47
3 parts of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
48
Duodenum
C shaped. Most of the chemical digestion occurs in the first third of the duodenum. Middle third has 2 bile openings (major and minor)
49
Intestinal glands
Secrete intestinal digestive juices rich in enzymes, water and ions.
50
Pancreas
Secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid and also adds enzymes to digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates that are absorbed in the intestine.
51
Plicae
Circular folds of the small intestine. Covered in villi. Used for absorption. Large surface area allows for fast absorption. Covered in microvilli.
52
Liver
Secretes bile through hepatic ducts into the duodenum. Very large organ. Filters out yellow bile pigments formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin from old red blood cells.
53
Gallbladder
Overflow storage for bile. Concentrates bile by removing water from the bile.
54
Bile
Contains cholesterol and bile salts that emulsify fats. Mechanism for removing cholesterol from the body via feces.
55
Cholecystokinin
Hormone triggered by fat in the duodenum that causes contraction of the gallbladder.
56
Pancreatic juice
Most important digestive juice. Absorbs carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Also contains bicarbonate that neutralizes hydrochloric acid.
57
Ileocecal valve
Sphincter between ilium and large intestine.
58
7 parts of the large intestine
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus.
59
Intestinal microbiome
Beneficial bacteria that synthesize vitamin K and B complex vitamins that are absorbed and enter the blood. Also has immune functions that protect from intestinal diseases.
60
Peritoneum
Large, moist, slippery sheet of serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs inside.
61
Peritoneal space
Small space between parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum. Fluid filled to keep moist and allow movement during breathing and digestive movements.
62
Mesentery
Extension between layers shaped like a fan that attaches to the lumbar region and anchors the small intestine
63
Greater omentum
Pouchlike extension of visceral peritoneum from the stomach, duodenum and transverse colon. Envelops an infected appendix.
64
Mechanical digestion
Breaks foods into tiny particles. Chewing, swallowing, peristalsis, segmentation, defecation.
65
Chemical digestion
Numerous chemicals that breakdown larger non-absorbable food molecules into smaller absorbable nutrients that can pass through the intestinal mucosa.
66
Enzymes
Act as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
67
Pepsin
Enzyme in gastric juice that breaks peptide bonds into smaller and smaller chains of amino acids.

Anatomy And Physiology PHS (21 decks)

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