Chapter 17 - Nutrition Flashcards
Assimilation
When nutrient molecules enter the cell and undergo chemical changes.
Catabolism
Chemical reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules
Anabolism
Chemical reactions that build nutrient molecules into more complex chemical compounds
Plasma proteins
Proteins created in the liver and released to the blood
3 proteins created by the liver
Prothrombin, fibrinogen, albumin
Prothrombin, fibrinogen
Plasma proteins essential to blood clotting
Albumin
Plasma protein that helps maintain normal blood volume
Metabolic functions of the liver
Normal blood glucose levels, plasma proteins, storage of iron, vitamins A and D, filtering blood of toxins before releasing nutrients to the bloodstream
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Micronutrients
Vitamins and minerals
3 steps of glucose catabolism
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport system
Glycolysis
First step in glucose catabolism. Occurs in cytoplasm. Glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvic acids and two ATP. No oxygen required
Anaerobic
No oxygen required for reactions
Citric acid cycle
Pyruvic acid is broken down into 2 Acetyl CoA in the mitochondria. One C atom is lost and high energy electrons remain
Electron transport system
Inner folds of mitochondria. Takes electrons from citric acid cycle and converts them to ATP. Up to 36. Requires oxygen.
Glycogenesis
Carried out in liver and muscles. Series of reactions that joins glucose together to create glycogen
Glycogenolysis
Breaking down glycogen into glucose in the liver
Protein anabolism
Building amino acids into complex protein compounds. Assembled from a pool of 20 different amino acids
Essential amino acids
Cannot be created in the body. Need to come from the diet
Non-essential amino acids
Can be created in the body.
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, and K. Can be stored in the liver for later use
Water soluble vitamins
B and C. Cannot be stored and must be continually resupplied in the diet.
Basal metabolic rate
Number of calories need to keep the body alive, awake, and comfortably warm
Total metabolic rate
Total amount of energy used by the body
