Chapter 17 - Nutrition

Question 1

Assimilation

Answer 1

When nutrient molecules enter the cell and undergo chemical changes.

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

Chemical reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules

Question 3

Anabolism

Answer 3

Chemical reactions that build nutrient molecules into more complex chemical compounds

Question 4

Plasma proteins

Answer 4

Proteins created in the liver and released to the blood

Question 5

3 proteins created by the liver

Answer 5

Prothrombin, fibrinogen, albumin

Question 6

Prothrombin, fibrinogen

Answer 6

Plasma proteins essential to blood clotting

Question 7

Albumin

Answer 7

Plasma protein that helps maintain normal blood volume

Question 8

Metabolic functions of the liver

Answer 8

Normal blood glucose levels, plasma proteins, storage of iron, vitamins A and D, filtering blood of toxins before releasing nutrients to the bloodstream

Question 9

Macronutrients

Answer 9

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Question 10

Micronutrients

Answer 10

Vitamins and minerals

Question 11

3 steps of glucose catabolism

Answer 11

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport system

Question 12

Glycolysis

Answer 12

First step in glucose catabolism. Occurs in cytoplasm. Glucose breaks down into 2 pyruvic acids and two ATP. No oxygen required

Question 13

Anaerobic

Answer 13

No oxygen required for reactions

Question 14

Citric acid cycle

Answer 14

Pyruvic acid is broken down into 2 Acetyl CoA in the mitochondria. One C atom is lost and high energy electrons remain

Question 15

Electron transport system

Answer 15

Inner folds of mitochondria. Takes electrons from citric acid cycle and converts them to ATP. Up to 36. Requires oxygen.

Question 16

Glycogenesis

Answer 16

Carried out in liver and muscles. Series of reactions that joins glucose together to create glycogen

Question 17

Glycogenolysis

Answer 17

Breaking down glycogen into glucose in the liver

Question 18

Protein anabolism

Answer 18

Building amino acids into complex protein compounds. Assembled from a pool of 20 different amino acids

Question 19

Essential amino acids

Answer 19

Cannot be created in the body. Need to come from the diet

Question 20

Non-essential amino acids

Answer 20

Can be created in the body.

Question 21

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 21

A, D, E, and K. Can be stored in the liver for later use

Question 22

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 22

B and C. Cannot be stored and must be continually resupplied in the diet.

Question 23

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 23

Number of calories need to keep the body alive, awake, and comfortably warm

Question 24

Total metabolic rate

Answer 24

Total amount of energy used by the body

Question 25

Radiation

Answer 25

Flow of heat from the body or skin

Question 26

Conduction

Answer 26

Transfer of heat from the body to a cooler external environment

Question 27

Convection

Answer 27

Transfer of body heat to cooler air that is continually flowing away from the body

Question 28

Evaporation

Answer 28

Absorption of heat from the blood and skin by water vaporization