Chapter 14 - Lymphatic System And Immunity

Question 1

Lymph

Answer 1

Substances that cannot enter or return through capillary walls including excess fluid and protein molecules

Question 2

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 2

Transport lymph to reenter the blood stream

Question 3

Interstitial fluid

Answer 3

Fluid after it leaves the capillaries and is in between tissue cells

Question 4

Lymphatic capillaries

Answer 4

Tiny vessels that permit excess tissue fluid along with other substances like dissolved protein molecules leave the tissue space. Microscopic. Made of endothelium

Question 5

Thoracic duct

Answer 5

Large lymphatic duct. Drains 3/4 of the body

Question 6

Right lymphatic duct

Answer 6

Drains right side head, neck, right arm and upper torso

Question 7

Cisterna chyli

Answer 7

Enlarged pouchlike structure that serves as a temporary holding area for lymph moving toward its entry point into the veins

Question 8

Lacteals

Answer 8

Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine. Transport fat obtained from food nutrients to the bloodstream

Question 9

Lymph nodes

Answer 9

Clusters of filters that filter lymph. Can be small as a pinhead or as big as a Lima bean.

Question 10

Lymphoid tissue

Answer 10

White mass of developing lymphocytes and related cells.

Question 11

Lymphoid organs

Answer 11

Lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and spleen. Provide immune defense and development of immune cells.

Question 12

Afferent lymphatic vessels

Answer 12

Deliver lymph to the node

Question 13

Germinal center

Answer 13

Center of the lymph node where new cells are produced

Question 14

Efferent lymphatic vessel

Answer 14

Where lymph exits the node

Question 15

Thymus

Answer 15

Small lymphoid tissue organ in the mediastinum. Composed of lymphocytes in a mesh like framework of reticular fibers. Matures T Cells. Secretes thymosins. Most work in childhood and largest at puberty. Slowly replaced by fat and connective tissue

Question 16

Involution

Answer 16

Process of replacing the thymus with fat and connective tissue. Half gone at 60 and virtually gone by 80.

Question 17

Tonsils

Answer 17

Located in a protective ring around the mouth and back of the throat. Help against invaders between the nasal and oral cavities

Question 18

Palatine tonsils

Answer 18

Located on each side of the throat

Question 19

Pharyngeal tonsils

Answer 19

Adenoids when swollen. Located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity

Question 20

Lingual tonsils

Answer 20

Near the base of the tongue

Question 21

Spleen

Answer 21

Largest lymphoid organ. Reservoir for blood that can be returned when needed. White pulp filters bacteria, other debris, and broken down RBCs. Useful but redundant organ.

Question 22

Nonspecific immunity

Answer 22

Mechanisms that attack any irritant or abnormal substance that threatens the internal environment. Also called innate immunity

Question 23

Inflammatory response

Answer 23

Nonspecific responses that occur in the body. Heat, redness, pain, and swelling. Damaged tissues release cytokines to signal WBCs to the area

Question 24

Systemic inflammation

Answer 24

Responses on a body wide basis. May be a fever

Question 25

Complement protein

Answer 25

Class of enzymes that trigger chemical reactions that punch holes in abnormal cells and regulate other mechanisms. Can be triggered by specific or nonspecific mechanisms.

Question 26

Specific immunity

Answer 26

Very specific protection against microorganisms or toxic materials. Long term immune memory. Adaptive immunity

Question 27

Cytokines

Answer 27

Chemicals released from cells to act as agents of innate, nonspecific immunity. Also trigger or regulate many adaptive immune responses. Critical to cell to cell communication.

Question 28

Interleukins (ILs)

Answer 28

Specific type of cytokines protein. Often involved in signaling in both innate and adaptive immunity.

Question 29

Interferon

Answer 29

Small protein compound that plays significant role in producing innate immunity against viral infections. Cytokine produced by the body within hours of being infected by a virus

Question 30

Antibodies

Answer 30

Class of proteins that are normally present in the body. Uniquely shaped concave regions. Combines with a specific antigen.

Question 31

Combining sites

Answer 31

Unique concave shape of antibody that fits like a key to an antigen.

Question 32

Humoral immunity

Answer 32

Antibody-mediated immunity. Changes antigens in a way that prevents harm to the body.

Question 33

Complement binding site

Answer 33

This exposure on a threatening cell allow a series of events that kill the invading cell.

Question 34

Complement cascade

Answer 34

Rapid fire cascade of events. Highly specialized protein molecules that target foreign cells. Create rings where sodium and water enter until the cell bursts.

Question 35

Complement proteins

Answer 35

Group of protein enzymes normally present in an inactive state. Triggered by complement binding sites on antibodies attached to antigens. Form complement binding sites.

Question 36

Antigen presenting cells

Answer 36

Macrophages and dendritic cells ingest a cell or particle and present its antigen on their surfaces. This triggers additional specific immune responses.

Question 37

B cells (B lymphocytes)

Answer 37

Mature in bone marrow. Carry specific antibodies that require antigens to activate. Also requires a cytokine from a T cell to activate. Then clones itself many times. Forms plasma cells and memory cells.

Question 38

Plasma cells

Answer 38

B Cell clones that create and secrete antibody molecules

Question 39

Memory cells

Answer 39

B Cell clones that secrete antibodies but not right away. Need specific antigen present before developing into a plasma cell.

Question 40

T Cells (T Lymphocytes)

Answer 40

Grow in the thymus gland before going to the lymph nodes. Shaped to find a specific antigen. Requires cytokine to activate. Then clones are produced. Form effector and memory cells.

Question 41

T cell effectors

Answer 41

Engage in immune responses.

Question 42

T cell memory cells

Answer 42

Wait to see if more T cells are needed then clone themselves as needed.

Question 43

Cell mediated immunity

Answer 43

Resistance to disease organisms from the action of cells

Question 44

Cytotoxic T Cells

Answer 44

When bound to an antigen release a lethal poison against the abnormal cell

Question 45

Helper T Cells

Answer 45

Produce their deadly effects by means of chemical signals that they release in the area of enemy cells. Also release the cytokines necessary to activate B cells.

Question 46

Regulatory T Cells

Answer 46

Shut down an immune response after antigens have been destroyed to prevent inappropriate immune responses.