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Anatomy And Physiology PHS > Chapter 3 - Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Living substance that exists in cells. All substance inside a cell except for the nucleus

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2
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Thin membrane that surrounds each cell

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3
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Dilute saltwater solution that separates cells.

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4
Q

Phospholipid

A

Two layers of fat molecules that form the fluid framework of the plasma membrane

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5
Q

Cholesterol

A

Helps stabilize plasma membrane and prevent breakage

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6
Q

Organelles

A

Small structures that make up the cytoplasm.

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Made up of microfilaments and microtubules. Provides support and movement to a organelles

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8
Q

Ribosomes

A

Made up of two subunits of RNA called ribosomal RNA. Produce enzymes and other protein compounds.

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9
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of connecting canals and sacs that carry proteins and other substances through the cytoplasm from one area to another.

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10
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes are attached to the ER. ER folds proteins and transports them to areas chemical processing takes place.

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11
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

No ribosomes. Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates that make up cellular membranes are made here.

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12
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Tiny flattened sacs that process molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to form quaternary proteins or glycoproteins. After the Golgi apparatus the completed and released

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13
Q

Vesicle

A

Tiny sacs of proteins or other compounds

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14
Q

Mitochondrion

A

2 sacs. One inside the other. Complex energy converting reactions occur constantly. Break down glucose and other nutrients. Recharge ATP

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15
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Energy transferring to recharge ATP batteries.

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16
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate. Required for cellular work.

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17
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain enzymes that promote hydrolysis. Break apart large nutrients. Also digest cell invaders.

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18
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell suicide to make room for new cells.

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19
Q

Centrosome

A

Region of cytoplasm near the nucleus. Important role of organizing and moving structures within the cell.

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20
Q

Centrioles

A

Paired organelles found in the centrosome. Two exist in every cell. Moves chromosomes for cell division

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21
Q

Microvilli

A

Small finger like projections of the plasma membrane of some cells. Increase surface area for easier absorption.

22
Q

Cilia

A

Fine, hair like extensions on cells. All cells have at least one cilium. Allows cells to sense their surroundings. Capable of coordinated movements.

23
Q

Flagella

A

Single projection from the end of a cell. Whiplike action that causes movement.

24
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains most of the cells genetic information. Also controls cell reproduction.

25
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Surrounds the nucleus.

26
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Tiny openings that permit large molecules in and out of the nucleus.

27
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Contains a number of structures in the nucleus

28
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense region critical in protein formation. Produces subunits that form ribosomes.

29
Q

Chromatin granules

A

Made of proteins wound in DNA.

30
Q

Transport processes

A

Allow movement into and out cells. Active and passive

31
Q

Active transport

A

Require energy expenditure by cells. Moving from low concentration to high concentration

32
Q

Passive transport

A

No energy required. Diffusion, osmosis, dialysis, filtration

33
Q

Diffusion

A

Process by which substances distribute evenly.

34
Q

Osmosis

A

Special kind of passive transport. Water passes through where solute cannot to create osmotic balance.

35
Q

Dialysis

A

Some solutes move across permeable membrane and some do not. Uneven distribution of solutes.

36
Q

Ion pump

A

Active transport of low concentration to higher concentration. Specific to each particular ion but can be coupled with other pumps. Use ATP to accomplish the work

37
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulf and eat large particles. White blood cells use this process to destroy invading bacteria

38
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Active transport to incorporate fluids into cells.

39
Q

4 types of DNA bases

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine. All high in nitrogen and base pH

40
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

Adenine always pairs with thymine. Cytosine with guanine. DNA pairing.

41
Q

Gene

A

Specific segment of base pairs that determines genetic code.

42
Q

RNA

A

Genetic information contained in protein coding genes capable of synthesis of specific proteins.

43
Q

Regulatory RNA

A

Act as functional molecules that affect some chemical processes in the cell.

44
Q

Transcription

A

DNA separates and unwinds and messenger RNA is formed. Is a duplicate of a particular gene sequence. Passes from nucleus to cytoplasm to direct protein synthesis.

45
Q

Translation

A

Occurs in ribosomes where mRNA is read and directs the choice and sequence of amino acids.

46
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell reproduction

47
Q

Interphase

A

Not dividing but performing usual cellular functions.

48
Q

Prophase

A

First stage of mitosis. Chromatin becomes organized. Chromosomes form chromatids.

49
Q

Metaphase

A

Second phase of mitosis. Nucleolus and nuclear envelope have disappeared. Chromosomes aligned across center. Centrioles to oppose its ends

50
Q

Anaphase

A

Thirds stage of mitosis. Centromeres break apart and move along spindle fibers. Cleavage furrow appears.

51
Q

Telophase

A

Final phase of mitosis. Cell division is complete. Two nuclei appear. Identical cells.

52
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm and plasma membrane.

Anatomy And Physiology PHS (21 decks)

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