Chapter 3 - Cells

Question 1

Cytoplasm

Answer 1

Living substance that exists in cells. All substance inside a cell except for the nucleus

Question 2

Plasma membrane

Answer 2

Thin membrane that surrounds each cell

Question 3

Interstitial fluid

Answer 3

Dilute saltwater solution that separates cells.

Question 4

Phospholipid

Answer 4

Two layers of fat molecules that form the fluid framework of the plasma membrane

Question 5

Cholesterol

Answer 5

Helps stabilize plasma membrane and prevent breakage

Question 6

Organelles

Answer 6

Small structures that make up the cytoplasm.

Question 7

Cytoskeleton

Answer 7

Made up of microfilaments and microtubules. Provides support and movement to a organelles

Question 8

Ribosomes

Answer 8

Made up of two subunits of RNA called ribosomal RNA. Produce enzymes and other protein compounds.

Question 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 9

Network of connecting canals and sacs that carry proteins and other substances through the cytoplasm from one area to another.

Question 10

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

Ribosomes are attached to the ER. ER folds proteins and transports them to areas chemical processing takes place.

Question 11

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

No ribosomes. Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates that make up cellular membranes are made here.

Question 12

Golgi apparatus

Answer 12

Tiny flattened sacs that process molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to form quaternary proteins or glycoproteins. After the Golgi apparatus the completed and released

Question 13

Vesicle

Answer 13

Tiny sacs of proteins or other compounds

Question 14

Mitochondrion

Answer 14

2 sacs. One inside the other. Complex energy converting reactions occur constantly. Break down glucose and other nutrients. Recharge ATP

Question 15

Cellular respiration

Answer 15

Energy transferring to recharge ATP batteries.

Question 16

ATP

Answer 16

Adenosine triphosphate. Required for cellular work.

Question 17

Lysosomes

Answer 17

Contain enzymes that promote hydrolysis. Break apart large nutrients. Also digest cell invaders.

Question 18

Apoptosis

Answer 18

Cell suicide to make room for new cells.

Question 19

Centrosome

Answer 19

Region of cytoplasm near the nucleus. Important role of organizing and moving structures within the cell.

Question 20

Centrioles

Answer 20

Paired organelles found in the centrosome. Two exist in every cell. Moves chromosomes for cell division

Question 21

Microvilli

Answer 21

Small finger like projections of the plasma membrane of some cells. Increase surface area for easier absorption.

Question 22

Cilia

Answer 22

Fine, hair like extensions on cells. All cells have at least one cilium. Allows cells to sense their surroundings. Capable of coordinated movements.

Question 23

Flagella

Answer 23

Single projection from the end of a cell. Whiplike action that causes movement.

Question 24

Nucleus

Answer 24

Contains most of the cells genetic information. Also controls cell reproduction.

Question 25

Nuclear envelope

Answer 25

Surrounds the nucleus.

Question 26

Nuclear pores

Answer 26

Tiny openings that permit large molecules in and out of the nucleus.

Question 27

Nucleoplasm

Answer 27

Contains a number of structures in the nucleus

Question 28

Nucleolus

Answer 28

Dense region critical in protein formation. Produces subunits that form ribosomes.

Question 29

Chromatin granules

Answer 29

Made of proteins wound in DNA.

Question 30

Transport processes

Answer 30

Allow movement into and out cells. Active and passive

Question 31

Active transport

Answer 31

Require energy expenditure by cells. Moving from low concentration to high concentration

Question 32

Passive transport

Answer 32

No energy required. Diffusion, osmosis, dialysis, filtration

Question 33

Diffusion

Answer 33

Process by which substances distribute evenly.

Question 34

Osmosis

Answer 34

Special kind of passive transport. Water passes through where solute cannot to create osmotic balance.

Question 35

Dialysis

Answer 35

Some solutes move across permeable membrane and some do not. Uneven distribution of solutes.

Question 36

Ion pump

Answer 36

Active transport of low concentration to higher concentration. Specific to each particular ion but can be coupled with other pumps. Use ATP to accomplish the work

Question 37

Phagocytosis

Answer 37

Engulf and eat large particles. White blood cells use this process to destroy invading bacteria

Question 38

Pinocytosis

Answer 38

Active transport to incorporate fluids into cells.

Question 39

4 types of DNA bases

Answer 39

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine. All high in nitrogen and base pH

Question 40

Complementary base pairing

Answer 40

Adenine always pairs with thymine. Cytosine with guanine. DNA pairing.

Question 41

Gene

Answer 41

Specific segment of base pairs that determines genetic code.

Question 42

RNA

Answer 42

Genetic information contained in protein coding genes capable of synthesis of specific proteins.

Question 43

Regulatory RNA

Answer 43

Act as functional molecules that affect some chemical processes in the cell.

Question 44

Transcription

Answer 44

DNA separates and unwinds and messenger RNA is formed. Is a duplicate of a particular gene sequence. Passes from nucleus to cytoplasm to direct protein synthesis.

Question 45

Translation

Answer 45

Occurs in ribosomes where mRNA is read and directs the choice and sequence of amino acids.

Question 46

Mitosis

Answer 46

Cell reproduction

Question 47

Interphase

Answer 47

Not dividing but performing usual cellular functions.

Question 48

Prophase

Answer 48

First stage of mitosis. Chromatin becomes organized. Chromosomes form chromatids.

Question 49

Metaphase

Answer 49

Second phase of mitosis. Nucleolus and nuclear envelope have disappeared. Chromosomes aligned across center. Centrioles to oppose its ends

Question 50

Anaphase

Answer 50

Thirds stage of mitosis. Centromeres break apart and move along spindle fibers. Cleavage furrow appears.

Question 51

Telophase

Answer 51

Final phase of mitosis. Cell division is complete. Two nuclei appear. Identical cells.

Question 52

Cytokinesis

Answer 52

Division of the cytoplasm and plasma membrane.