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anatomy and physiology phs > Chapter 13 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Apical beat

A

Heartbeat heard at the apex of the heart.

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2
Q

CPR

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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3
Q

Atria

A

Upper chamber of the heart. Plural atrium. Smaller than ventricles. Walls are thinner and less muscular have ear-like extensions called auricles. Receiving chambers

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4
Q

Ventricles

A

Lower chambers of the heart. Sometimes discharging chambers

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5
Q

Auricles

A

Extensions of the atrias

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6
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle.

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7
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Wall that divides the atria

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8
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Divided the ventricles

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9
Q

Endocardium

A

Thin layer of very smooth tissue that lines each chamber of the heart.

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10
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the endocardium. Becomes rough and abrasive to red blood cells passing over the surface and subject to clotting that could be fatal.

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11
Q

Pericardium

A

Covering of the heart. Has two layers of fibrous tissue with small space between then.

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12
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Inner layer of pericardium. Also called epicardium.

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13
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Outer layer of the pericardium. Fits like a loose sack allowing enough room for the heart to beat.

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14
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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15
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the heart

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16
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of the heart

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17
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Valves between atrium and ventricle. Prevents back flow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract

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18
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Left AV valve. Also called the mitral valve

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19
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Right AV valve

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20
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

Stringlike structures that attach AV valves to walls of the ventricles

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21
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Valves between ventricles and the large artery that carries blood away from the heart.

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22
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Right side of the heart between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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23
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Left side between left atrium and the aorta

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24
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Movement of blood from right ventricle to the lungs

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25
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Flow of blood from the left ventricle throughout the body.

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26
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Circulation of blood to the myocardium.

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27
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Two small vessels that supply the heart. First branch of the aorta

28
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Tissue death in the heart. Heart attack

29
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Severe chest pain that occurs when the myocardium is deprived of oxygen. Warning sign of a heart attack.

30
Q

Coronary bypass surgery

A

Common treatment for significantly restricted coronary artery blood flow. Vessels from other parts of the body are used to bypass partial blockages.

31
Q

Angioplasty

A

Device is inserted into a blocked vessel to force open a channel for blood to flow.

32
Q

Cardiac veins

A

After blood passes though capillary beds in the myocardium it flows to cardiac veins which empty into the coronary sinus and into the right atrium

33
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

The complete cycle of systole and diastole.

34
Q

Intercalated disks

A

Connections that join muscle fibers into one unit that can conduct an impulse throughout the whole heart without stopping.

35
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

SA node. Pacemaker. Start of the electrical chain in the heart. Causes atria to contract

36
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

AV node. When triggered by the SA node it sends impulses through the AV bundle and subendocardial branches to cause the ventricle to contract.

37
Q

Electrocardiograph

A

Instrument to collect electrical signals from the heart at the body surface

38
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Graphic record of the hearts electrical activity. ECG or EKG.

39
Q

Waves of the ECG

A

P wave, QRS complex, T wave

40
Q

Depolarization

A

Electrical activity that triggers the contraction of the heart muscle

41
Q

Repolarization

A

Begins just before the relaxation phase of the cardiac activity

42
Q

P Wave

A

Depolarization of the atria

43
Q

QRS Complex

A

Depolarization of the ventricles. Hides repolarization of the atria

44
Q

T wave

A

Repolarization of the ventricles

45
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute. About 5L/minute in a normal resting adult. Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output

46
Q

Stroke volume

A

Blood ejected by ventricles with each beat

47
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter that causes the SA node to increase impulses which increases heart rate. Released by cardiac nerve

48
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter released by vague nerve that decreases pace of the SA node

49
Q

Arterioles

A

Tiny vessels that control flow of arterial blood into capillaries

50
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic exchange vessels where nutrients and respiratory gases are exchanged between blood and tissue fluid around cells

51
Q

Venules

A

Exit to the capillary that join together with other venules that increases in size to become veins.

52
Q

Tunica externa

A

Outermost layer of veins and arteries. Made of connective tissue fibers that reinforce the vessel so it won’t burst under pressure. Also connect to extra cellular matrix to hold vessel in place. Thickest layer in veins.

53
Q

Tunica media

A

Middle layer of blood vessels. Smooth muscle tissue. Thicker in arteries to resist pressure from ventricular systole. Critical in maintaining blood pressure in arteries.

54
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Smooth muscle along the arterioles. By contracting or relaxing they regulate how much blood flows into capillary beds

55
Q

Tunica intima

A

Innermost layer of vessels. Single layer of squamous epithelial cells called endothelium. Veins have valves in this layer that prevent back flow and act as pumps in muscles to maintain venous return

56
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Flow of blood from left ventricle to the body and back to the right atria.

57
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atria

58
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

Route of blood flow to and through the liver. Veins from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder and intestines detour this way. Regulates glucose levels and removes toxins.

59
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Two arteries and one vein. Vein is the oxygenated vessel.

60
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Continuation of the umbilical vein. Allows most of the blood to bypass the immature liver

61
Q

Foramen ovale

A

Shunts blood from right atrium directly to left atrium.

62
Q

Ductus arteriosus

A

Connects aorta and the pulmonary artery on the fetus.

63
Q

Hemodynamics

A

Set of processes that influence the flow of blood.

64
Q

Blood pressure gradient

A

BP is highest in arteries and lowest in the vena cava. When present blood flows.

65
Q

Peripheral resistance

A

Any force that acts against the flow of blood in a blood vessel.

66
Q

Vasomotor mechanism

A

Adjustment of muscle tension in vessel walls to control blood pressure

67
Q

Central venous pressure

A

Pressure at the venae cavae. Low end of pressure needed to drive blood all the way back to the heart. Higher CVP means weak heart and slow flow of blood to right atrium.

anatomy and physiology phs (21 decks)

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