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Anatomy And Physiology PHS > Chapter 13 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Apical beat

A

Heartbeat heard at the apex of the heart.

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2
Q

CPR

A

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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3
Q

Atria

A

Upper chamber of the heart. Plural atrium. Smaller than ventricles. Walls are thinner and less muscular have ear-like extensions called auricles. Receiving chambers

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4
Q

Ventricles

A

Lower chambers of the heart. Sometimes discharging chambers

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5
Q

Auricles

A

Extensions of the atrias

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6
Q

Myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle.

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7
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Wall that divides the atria

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8
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Divided the ventricles

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9
Q

Endocardium

A

Thin layer of very smooth tissue that lines each chamber of the heart.

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10
Q

Endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the endocardium. Becomes rough and abrasive to red blood cells passing over the surface and subject to clotting that could be fatal.

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11
Q

Pericardium

A

Covering of the heart. Has two layers of fibrous tissue with small space between then.

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12
Q

Visceral pericardium

A

Inner layer of pericardium. Also called epicardium.

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13
Q

Parietal pericardium

A

Outer layer of the pericardium. Fits like a loose sack allowing enough room for the heart to beat.

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14
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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15
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the heart

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16
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of the heart

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17
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Valves between atrium and ventricle. Prevents back flow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract

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18
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Left AV valve. Also called the mitral valve

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19
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Right AV valve

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20
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

Stringlike structures that attach AV valves to walls of the ventricles

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21
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Valves between ventricles and the large artery that carries blood away from the heart.

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22
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve

A

Right side of the heart between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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23
Q

Aortic semilunar valve

A

Left side between left atrium and the aorta

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24
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Movement of blood from right ventricle to the lungs

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25
Systemic circulation
Flow of blood from the left ventricle throughout the body.
26
Coronary circulation
Circulation of blood to the myocardium.
27
Coronary arteries
Two small vessels that supply the heart. First branch of the aorta
28
Myocardial infarction
Tissue death in the heart. Heart attack
29
Angina pectoris
Severe chest pain that occurs when the myocardium is deprived of oxygen. Warning sign of a heart attack.
30
Coronary bypass surgery
Common treatment for significantly restricted coronary artery blood flow. Vessels from other parts of the body are used to bypass partial blockages.
31
Angioplasty
Device is inserted into a blocked vessel to force open a channel for blood to flow.
32
Cardiac veins
After blood passes though capillary beds in the myocardium it flows to cardiac veins which empty into the coronary sinus and into the right atrium
33
Cardiac cycle
The complete cycle of systole and diastole.
34
Intercalated disks
Connections that join muscle fibers into one unit that can conduct an impulse throughout the whole heart without stopping.
35
Sinoatrial node
SA node. Pacemaker. Start of the electrical chain in the heart. Causes atria to contract
36
Atrioventricular node
AV node. When triggered by the SA node it sends impulses through the AV bundle and subendocardial branches to cause the ventricle to contract.
37
Electrocardiograph
Instrument to collect electrical signals from the heart at the body surface
38
Electrocardiogram
Graphic record of the hearts electrical activity. ECG or EKG.
39
Waves of the ECG
P wave, QRS complex, T wave
40
Depolarization
Electrical activity that triggers the contraction of the heart muscle
41
Repolarization
Begins just before the relaxation phase of the cardiac activity
42
P Wave
Depolarization of the atria
43
QRS Complex
Depolarization of the ventricles. Hides repolarization of the atria
44
T wave
Repolarization of the ventricles
45
Cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute. About 5L/minute in a normal resting adult. Heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output
46
Stroke volume
Blood ejected by ventricles with each beat
47
Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter that causes the SA node to increase impulses which increases heart rate. Released by cardiac nerve
48
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter released by vague nerve that decreases pace of the SA node
49
Arterioles
Tiny vessels that control flow of arterial blood into capillaries
50
Capillaries
Microscopic exchange vessels where nutrients and respiratory gases are exchanged between blood and tissue fluid around cells
51
Venules
Exit to the capillary that join together with other venules that increases in size to become veins.
52
Tunica externa
Outermost layer of veins and arteries. Made of connective tissue fibers that reinforce the vessel so it won’t burst under pressure. Also connect to extra cellular matrix to hold vessel in place. Thickest layer in veins.
53
Tunica media
Middle layer of blood vessels. Smooth muscle tissue. Thicker in arteries to resist pressure from ventricular systole. Critical in maintaining blood pressure in arteries.
54
Precapillary sphincters
Smooth muscle along the arterioles. By contracting or relaxing they regulate how much blood flows into capillary beds
55
Tunica intima
Innermost layer of vessels. Single layer of squamous epithelial cells called endothelium. Veins have valves in this layer that prevent back flow and act as pumps in muscles to maintain venous return
56
Systemic circulation
Flow of blood from left ventricle to the body and back to the right atria.
57
Pulmonary circulation
Flow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atria
58
Hepatic portal circulation
Route of blood flow to and through the liver. Veins from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder and intestines detour this way. Regulates glucose levels and removes toxins.
59
Umbilical cord
Two arteries and one vein. Vein is the oxygenated vessel.
60
Ductus venosus
Continuation of the umbilical vein. Allows most of the blood to bypass the immature liver
61
Foramen ovale
Shunts blood from right atrium directly to left atrium.
62
Ductus arteriosus
Connects aorta and the pulmonary artery on the fetus.
63
Hemodynamics
Set of processes that influence the flow of blood.
64
Blood pressure gradient
BP is highest in arteries and lowest in the vena cava. When present blood flows.
65
Peripheral resistance
Any force that acts against the flow of blood in a blood vessel.
66
Vasomotor mechanism
Adjustment of muscle tension in vessel walls to control blood pressure
67
Central venous pressure
Pressure at the venae cavae. Low end of pressure needed to drive blood all the way back to the heart. Higher CVP means weak heart and slow flow of blood to right atrium.

Anatomy And Physiology PHS (21 decks)

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