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Anatomy And Physiology PHS > Chapter 10 - Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Two classes of senses

A

General and special senses

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2
Q

General senses

A

Detected by simple, microscopic receptors widely distributed in skin, muscles, tendons, joints and other internal organs. Responsible for pain, temperature, touch, pressure and body position.

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3
Q

Special senses

A

Detected by receptors grouped in specific areas and associated with complex structures. Smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium.

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4
Q

Sensory receptor types

A

Generally encapsulated or unencapsulated. By mode. Photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors.

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5
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Sensitive to change in intensity or color of light. Vision

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6
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sensitive to presence of certain chemicals as in taste or smell

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7
Q

Pain receptors

A

Sensitive to physical injury

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8
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Sensitive to change in temperature

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9
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensitive to mechanical stimuli that change their shape or position

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10
Q

Free nerve ending location and sense

A

Skin and mucosa(epithelial layer). Pain, crude touch, temperature, itch, tickle

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11
Q

Tactile corpuscle

A

Skin (papillae of dermis) fingertips, lips. Fine or light touch and low frequency vibration.

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12
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

Skin (dermal layer) and subcutaneous tissue of fingers. Persistent touch or pressure.

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13
Q

Lamellar corpuscle

A

Subcutaneous, submucous, and subserous tissues, around joints, in mammary glands, and external genitalia. Deep pressure and high frequency vibration.

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14
Q

Bulboid corpuscle

A

Skin (dermal layer) subcutaneous tissue, mucosa of lips or eyelids and external genitals. Touch

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15
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Near junction of tendons or muscles. Proprioception (sense of muscle tension)

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16
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Skeletal muscles. Proprioception (sense of muscle length)

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17
Q

Sensory pathway

A

Receptor through spinal cord to thalamus (cutaneous or skin receptors) or cerebellum (proprioceptors) to cerebral cortex.

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18
Q

Two point discrimination

A

Ability to tell one touch from two.

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19
Q

Skin receptor distribution

A

Close - fingertips
Relatively close - palm
Far apart - back and torso

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20
Q

Mode of sensation

A

Difference in what kind of stimuli is detected.

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21
Q

Propriceptors

A

Stimulated by stretch. Provide information concerning the position and movement of parts of the body and length and extent of contraction of our muscles.

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22
Q

3 layers of the eye

A

Fibrous, vascular, inner layer

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23
Q

Fibrous layer of eye

A

Sclera, cornea. Tough, fibrous tissue of the eye

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24
Q

Vascular layer of eye

A

Choroid, ciliary muscle, iris, lens

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25
Q

Inner layer of eye

A

Retina, optic nerve, retinal blood vessel.

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26
Q

Sclera

A

White of the eye. White due to dense bundles of collagen fibers. Forms most of the fibrous layer.

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27
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent circle on the anterior of the fibrous layer. Helps focus image to the retina.

28
Q

Keratitis

A

Inflammation of the cornea

29
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Mucous membranes that lines the eyelids and covers the fibrous layer.

30
Q

Lacrimal gland

A

Secretes tears to keep the conjunctiva moist.

31
Q

Choroid

A

Makes up most of the vascular layer. Contains lots of melanin. Helps prevent scattering of light rays to help make it easier to focus images.

32
Q

Iris

A

Involuntary pigmented muscle at the anterior of the choroid.

33
Q

Pupil

A

Black center of the iris. Actually a hole in the iris.

34
Q

Lens of the eye

A

Directly behind the pupil. Focuses images

35
Q

Ciliary muscle

A

Controls the lens of the eye.

36
Q

Presbyopia

A

Due to aging when you cannot focus on close objects.

37
Q

Retina

A

Makes up most of the inner layer of the eye. Rods and cones.

38
Q

Rods

A

Dim light, monochromatic vision when light is low. Nighttime vision

39
Q

Cones

A

Stimulated by fairly bright light. 3 types. Each sensitive to different colors of light. Red, blue, green.

40
Q

Macula lutea

A

Yellowish spot in the retina. Surrounds small depression called fovea centralis.

41
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Greatest concentration of cones in the retina.

42
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Sensitive to light but not used to form images. Helps body determine day or night and levels of moonlight.

43
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Fluid in front of the lens. Constantly being replaced.

44
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Jellylike fluid behind the lens that helps refract light rays.

45
Q

Glaucoma

A

Blocked drainage of the aqueous humor.

46
Q

Optic disk

A

Blind spot in the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

47
Q

External ear

A

Auricle and external acoustic canal. Ends at the tympanic membrane.

48
Q

Auricle

A

Appendage on the side of the head that surrounds the external ear canal.

49
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Produce earwax

50
Q

Middle ear

A

Tiny and very thin epithelium lines cavity in the temporal bone. Contains 3 bones. Malleus, incus, stapes.

51
Q

Oval window

A

Separates middle from the inner ear. Connected to the Stapes. Causes fluid to move in the inner ear.

52
Q

Auditory tube

A

Connects the middle ear to the throat. Helps regulate pressure of middle ear to the outside pressure allowing free movement of the tympanic membrane.

53
Q

Inner ear

A

Consists of three spaces assembled into the bony labyrinth. Filled with perilymph. Vestibule, semi-circular canals, cochlea.

54
Q

Perilymph

A

Fluid that fills the inner ear.

55
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

Balloon like membranous sac suspended in the perilymph. Follows the shape of the bony labyrinth. Filled with thicker fluid called endolymph.

56
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Organ of hearing. Lies in the cochlea. Surrounded by endolymph. Ciliated hairs generate nerve impulses when bent by movement of the endolymph. Stimulate cochlear nerve to create hearing

57
Q

Presbycusis

A

Hearing loss due to age.

58
Q

Equilibrium

A

Mechanoreceptors located in vestibule and semicircular canals.

59
Q

Macula

A

Two located in vestibule surrounded by thick heavy gel. Movement of the gel causes cilia to bend and create nerve impulses. Static equilibrium.

60
Q

Ampulla

A

Dilated portion of the semicircular canals. Contain sensory structure called crista ampullaris. Senses speed or direction of head called dynamic equilibrium.

61
Q

Crista ampullaris

A

Sensory structure in ampulla.

62
Q

Cupula

A

Flap like structure with cilia that flaps in the endolymph. Because the 3 canals are on different planes the brain compares each to determine direction of movement.

63
Q

Gustatory cells

A

Cells that generate nerve impulses that the brain interprets as taste.

64
Q

Papillae

A

Taste buds

65
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A

Large inverted V at the back of the tongue that contains the most taste buds

Anatomy And Physiology PHS (21 decks)

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