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Anatomy And Physiology PHS > Chapter 21 - Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells. Ovum and sperm

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2
Q

Zygote

A

New offspring cell

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3
Q

Essential male organ

A

Testes

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4
Q

Accessory male organs

A

Passageways that carry sperm, glands that produce secretions to protect and nurture sperm, external genitals

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5
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Tough, whitish, membrane that surrounds the testes. Also enters the gland to form septa that divide the teste into lobules

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6
Q

Seminiferous tubule

A

Coiled structures that form the bulk of testicular mass. Sperm develop in the walls.

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7
Q

Testosterone

A

Male sex hormone secreted by interstitial cells of the testes.

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8
Q

Spermatogenisis

A

Sperm production

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9
Q

Spermatogonia

A

Sperm precursor stem cells. Located near the outer edge of each seminiferous tubule. Reproduce by mitosis to from clones of the parent cell

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10
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

Secreted by hypothalamus. Stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

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11
Q

Meiosis

A

Two cell divisions to form four cells and not two.

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12
Q

Spermatids

A

Daughter cells of meiosis. Only has 23 nuclear chromosomes. Develop into spermatozoa

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13
Q

Primary spermatocyte

A

Created after luteinizing hormone acts on spermatogonium. One half of mitosis is a primary spermatocyte to begin meiosis

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14
Q

Acrosome

A

Cap like structure on sperm containing enzymes that break down the covering of the ovum if contact occurs

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15
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Undescended testes at birth

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16
Q

Epidiymis

A

Consists of a single very tightly coiled tube. On top and behind the testes. Sperm mature and develop the ability to swim here. Special cells secrete nutrients and remove excess fluids.

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17
Q

Vas deferens

A

Also called ductus deferens. Tube that permit sperm to exit the epididymis and pass from scrotal sac to abdominal cavity.

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18
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A

Vas deferens joins seminal vesicle. Passes through the prostate and empties into the urethra.

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19
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

Pouch like gland that contributes 60% of seminal fluid. Provides energy for sperm

20
Q

Prostate gland

A

Secretes 30% of seminal fluid. Helps activate sperm and maintain motility

21
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

Just below the urethra. Pea sized. Lubricate the urethra to protect sperm from friction and provides outer lubricant. 5% of seminal fluid

22
Q

Corpus spongiosum

A

Surrounds the urethra

23
Q

Corpus cavernosa

A

Sponge tissue that lies dorsally

24
Q

Ovaries

A

Female sex organ

25
Q

Ova

A

Female sex cell. Produced in the ovaries. Also produce estrogen and progesterone

26
Q

Oocyte

A

Immature stage of the female sex cell. Contained in ovarian follicles. 1 million at birth.

27
Q

Primary follicles

A

At puberty ovarian follicles are reduced to 400k primary follicles layer of granulosa cells around the oocyte

28
Q

Granulosa cells

A

Surrounds the primary follicle. As it thickens a second follicle appears and antrum (hollow chamber) is formed

29
Q

Antrum

A

Hollow chamber of a primary follicle

30
Q

Graafian follicle

A

Mature follicle

31
Q

Oogenesis

A

Creation of female gametes (sex cells)

32
Q

Polar bodies

A

Daughter cells that don’t get as much cytoplasm and degenerate

33
Q

Estrogen

A

Secreted by granulosa cells around the oocyte. Development and maturation of female reproductive organs. Initiation of menstrual cycles.

34
Q

Progesterone

A

Secreted by the corpus luteum. Stimulates vascularization and proliferation of epithelial lining of the uterus. Initiates menstrual cycle with estrogen

35
Q

Fimbriae

A

Fringe like projections of the Fallopian tube that surround the ovary

36
Q

Myometrium

A

Muscle of the uterus

37
Q

Cervix

A

Lower end of the uterus

38
Q

Fundus

A

Upper end of the uterus

39
Q

Endometrium

A

Lining of the uterus

40
Q

Lactiferous ducts

A

Drain the alveoli and converge toward the nipple. Widen to a lactiferous sinus just before the nipple

41
Q

Areola

A

Colored surface area around the nipple. Contains areolar glands that that secrete skin oils while nursing

42
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual flow

43
Q

3 phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Menses, proliferative phase, secretory phase

44
Q

Menses

A

First phase of the cycle. Characterized by bleeding

45
Q

Proliferative phase

A

Starts after menstrual flow ends and lasts until ovulation. Follicles mature, uterine lining thickens, and estrogen secretion increases to its highest level.

46
Q

Secretory phase

A

Begins at ovulation and lasts until the menses begins. Uterine lining is largest and progesterone is at its highest levels

Anatomy And Physiology PHS (21 decks)

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