Chapter 21 - Reproductive Systems

Question 1

Gametes

Answer 1

Reproductive cells. Ovum and sperm

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

New offspring cell

Question 3

Essential male organ

Answer 3

Testes

Question 4

Accessory male organs

Answer 4

Passageways that carry sperm, glands that produce secretions to protect and nurture sperm, external genitals

Question 5

Tunica albuginea

Answer 5

Tough, whitish, membrane that surrounds the testes. Also enters the gland to form septa that divide the teste into lobules

Question 6

Seminiferous tubule

Answer 6

Coiled structures that form the bulk of testicular mass. Sperm develop in the walls.

Question 7

Testosterone

Answer 7

Male sex hormone secreted by interstitial cells of the testes.

Question 8

Spermatogenisis

Answer 8

Sperm production

Question 9

Spermatogonia

Answer 9

Sperm precursor stem cells. Located near the outer edge of each seminiferous tubule. Reproduce by mitosis to from clones of the parent cell

Question 10

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

Answer 10

Secreted by hypothalamus. Stimulates anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

Question 11

Meiosis

Answer 11

Two cell divisions to form four cells and not two.

Question 12

Spermatids

Answer 12

Daughter cells of meiosis. Only has 23 nuclear chromosomes. Develop into spermatozoa

Question 13

Primary spermatocyte

Answer 13

Created after luteinizing hormone acts on spermatogonium. One half of mitosis is a primary spermatocyte to begin meiosis

Question 14

Acrosome

Answer 14

Cap like structure on sperm containing enzymes that break down the covering of the ovum if contact occurs

Question 15

Cryptorchidism

Answer 15

Undescended testes at birth

Question 16

Epidiymis

Answer 16

Consists of a single very tightly coiled tube. On top and behind the testes. Sperm mature and develop the ability to swim here. Special cells secrete nutrients and remove excess fluids.

Question 17

Vas deferens

Answer 17

Also called ductus deferens. Tube that permit sperm to exit the epididymis and pass from scrotal sac to abdominal cavity.

Question 18

Ejaculatory ducts

Answer 18

Vas deferens joins seminal vesicle. Passes through the prostate and empties into the urethra.

Question 19

Seminal vesicle

Answer 19

Pouch like gland that contributes 60% of seminal fluid. Provides energy for sperm

Question 20

Prostate gland

Answer 20

Secretes 30% of seminal fluid. Helps activate sperm and maintain motility

Question 21

Bulbourethral gland

Answer 21

Just below the urethra. Pea sized. Lubricate the urethra to protect sperm from friction and provides outer lubricant. 5% of seminal fluid

Question 22

Corpus spongiosum

Answer 22

Surrounds the urethra

Question 23

Corpus cavernosa

Answer 23

Sponge tissue that lies dorsally

Question 24

Ovaries

Answer 24

Female sex organ

Question 25

Ova

Answer 25

Female sex cell. Produced in the ovaries. Also produce estrogen and progesterone

Question 26

Oocyte

Answer 26

Immature stage of the female sex cell. Contained in ovarian follicles. 1 million at birth.

Question 27

Primary follicles

Answer 27

At puberty ovarian follicles are reduced to 400k primary follicles layer of granulosa cells around the oocyte

Question 28

Granulosa cells

Answer 28

Surrounds the primary follicle. As it thickens a second follicle appears and antrum (hollow chamber) is formed

Question 29

Antrum

Answer 29

Hollow chamber of a primary follicle

Question 30

Graafian follicle

Answer 30

Mature follicle

Question 31

Oogenesis

Answer 31

Creation of female gametes (sex cells)

Question 32

Polar bodies

Answer 32

Daughter cells that don’t get as much cytoplasm and degenerate

Question 33

Estrogen

Answer 33

Secreted by granulosa cells around the oocyte. Development and maturation of female reproductive organs. Initiation of menstrual cycles.

Question 34

Progesterone

Answer 34

Secreted by the corpus luteum. Stimulates vascularization and proliferation of epithelial lining of the uterus. Initiates menstrual cycle with estrogen

Question 35

Fimbriae

Answer 35

Fringe like projections of the Fallopian tube that surround the ovary

Question 36

Myometrium

Answer 36

Muscle of the uterus

Question 37

Cervix

Answer 37

Lower end of the uterus

Question 38

Fundus

Answer 38

Upper end of the uterus

Question 39

Endometrium

Answer 39

Lining of the uterus

Question 40

Lactiferous ducts

Answer 40

Drain the alveoli and converge toward the nipple. Widen to a lactiferous sinus just before the nipple

Question 41

Areola

Answer 41

Colored surface area around the nipple. Contains areolar glands that that secrete skin oils while nursing

Question 42

Menarche

Answer 42

First menstrual flow

Question 43

3 phases of the menstrual cycle

Answer 43

Menses, proliferative phase, secretory phase

Question 44

Menses

Answer 44

First phase of the cycle. Characterized by bleeding

Question 45

Proliferative phase

Answer 45

Starts after menstrual flow ends and lasts until ovulation. Follicles mature, uterine lining thickens, and estrogen secretion increases to its highest level.

Question 46

Secretory phase

Answer 46

Begins at ovulation and lasts until the menses begins. Uterine lining is largest and progesterone is at its highest levels