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Anatomy And Physiology PHS > Chapter 11 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Target Cell

A

Cell with specific receptors for the hormone triggering a specific reaction.

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2
Q

Hyper/hyposecretion

A

To much or to little secretion of a particular hormone.

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3
Q

2 major types of hormones

A

Steroid and nonsteroid

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4
Q

Nonsteroid hormones

A

Whole proteins, shorter chains of amino acids or single amino acids. Work according to second messenger mechanism. From endocrine gland to target cells.

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5
Q

Second messengers

A

Chemical reactions that happen at a specific receptor site. Activates molecules with the cell.

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6
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Small, lipid soluble hormones that can travel directly through the plasma membrane of the target cell. Slow compared to nonsteroid hormones.

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7
Q

Negative feedback control mechanism

A

Reverses changes to return to homeostasis.

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8
Q

Positive feedback

A

Rare as they amplify feedback as in release of oxytocin during labor.

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9
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Tissue hormones. Powerful lipid found in a wide variety of tissues. Produced in a tissue then diffused a short distance to cells in that tissue.

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10
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Small. Dividend into 2 parts. Adenopophysis (anterior) neuropophysis (posterior). Deep in the cranial cavity. Connected to hypothalamus.

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11
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

Secretes many tropic hormones that stimulates other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones.

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12
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Released by the anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormone.

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13
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

(ACTH) Acts on the adrenal cortex. Adrenal cortex releases more hormones especially cortisol. Released by anterior pituitary gland

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14
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates ovaries to and mature an egg. In males stimulates sperm growth. Secreted by anterior pituitary gland.

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15
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Anterior Pituitary gland. Stimulates ovum and follicle to grow. Formation of corpus luteum from the the ruptured follicle. In males causes development and secretion of testosterone.

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16
Q

Growth hormone

A

Secreted anterior pituitary gland. Speeds up movement of digested proteins into the cells and accelerates anabolism (regular growth) Increases blood glucose.

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17
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Low blood glucose

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18
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Higher than normal blood glucose

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19
Q

Prolactin

A

Anterior pituitary gland. During pregnancy stimulates breast growth for eventual lactation. After delivery stimulates release of milk.

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20
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Releases two hormones. Hormones created in hypothalamus but released from axons in the posterior pituitary gland.

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21
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Regulates fluid balance in the body. Accelerates reabsorption of water from urine in the kidney tubules.

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22
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone. Large amounts of urine are formed.

23
Q

Oxytocin

A

Posterior pituitary gland. Before and after birth. Stimulates contractions in labor. Releases milk to ducts for lactation.

24
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin upon direction from posterior pituitary gland. Also produces releasing and inhibiting hormones. Helps regulate temp, appetite and thirst.

25
Q

Thyroid gland

A

In the neck just below the larynx. Organized into chambers called thyroid follicles filled with colloid. Secretes 3 hormones.

26
Q

Colloid

A

Suspended particles in fluid contained in thyroid follicles. Stored hormones.

27
Q

Triiodothyronine, thyroxine

A

T3, T4. Hormones secreted by the thyroid required for normal cellular metabolism.

28
Q

Calcitonin

A

Secreted by the thyroid. Decreases calcium in the blood to maintain homeostasis.

29
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Small lumps of glandular epithelium. Usually 4 on the posterior of the thyroid. Secretes parathyroid hormone.

30
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases blood calcium by breaking down bone matrix

31
Q

Adrenal glands

A

On superior surface of the kidneys. Two parts. Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.

32
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Three cell layers. Each release their own hormone.

33
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Released by outlet layer of adrenal cortex. Mainly aldosterone. Help control amounts of mineral salts in the blood.

34
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Released by middle zone of the adrenal cortex. Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid.

35
Q

Aldosterone

A

Chief mineralocorticoid. Increases sodium in blood and lower potassium. Sodium is reabsorbed from the kidneys. Speeds up reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

36
Q

Cortisol

A

Helps maintain normal blood glucose concentration. Increases gluconeogenesis. Anti-inflammatory. Released to respond to stress with unclear results. Anti-immunity and allergy effects.

37
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Process in the liver that takes converts amino acids to glucose from broken down tissue proteins. Broken down by glucocorticoid hormones.

38
Q

Sex hormones

A

Secreted by inner layer of the adrenal cortex. Similar to testosterone. Play an early role in development of reproductive organs. In women causes sex drive. In men no real effect due to amount secreted by testes.

39
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Inner portion of adrenal gland. Secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine. Produces fight or flight response.

40
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

Microscopic glands on the pancreas. Two types of cells. Alpha and beta. Helps regulate blood glucose levels.

41
Q

Alpha cells

A

Secrete glucagon. Accelerates the process of glycogenolysis which converts glycogen in the liver to glucose increasing blood glucose levels.

42
Q

Beta cells

A

Release insulin. Insulin decreases blood glucose levels and increases cellular metabolism of glucose.

43
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

To little insulin released so blood glucose increases.

44
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

Decrease in insulin and abnormality of glucose receptors preventing the normal effects of insulin.

45
Q

Glycosuria

A

Excess glucose in urine. Sign of diabetes.

46
Q

Thymus

A

Located in the mediastinum. Cortex and medulla composed largely of lymphocytes. Critical role in body’s defense of infections and cancer. Secretes thymosin

47
Q

Thymosin

A

Secreted by thymus. Group of several hormones. Important role in development and function of T Cells.

48
Q

Placenta

A

Temporary endocrine gland. Produces chorionic gonadotropin along with estrogen and progesterone.

49
Q

Pineal gland

A

Small gland in the brain. Produces many hormones chiefly melatonin. Responds to information from light sensitive ganglion.

50
Q

Melatonin

A

Helps regulate sleep patterns.

51
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hormone secreted by epithelial lining of the stomach that boosts appetite, slows metabolism, and reduced fat burning.

52
Q

Atrial natriuretic hormone

A

Secreted by cells in the hearts atria. Stimulates kidneys to lose water and sodium ions

53
Q

Leptin

A

Secreted by fat storing cells. Seems to regulate how full we feel and how fat is metabolized by the body.

Anatomy And Physiology PHS (21 decks)

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