Chapter 19 - Fluid And Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

Electrolytes

Answer 1

Substances such as salt that dissolve in water solutions and form electrically charged atoms (ions)

Question 2

Electrolyte balance

Answer 2

Homeostasis of normal electrolytes in the body

Question 3

Extracellular fluid

Answer 3

Consists mainly of plasma and interstitial fluid around the cells. Also lymph and transcellular fluid.

Question 4

Transcellular fluids

Answer 4

Cerebrospinal fluid, fluids of the eyeballs, and synovial joint fluids.

Question 5

Intracellular fluid

Answer 5

Body fluids contained in the cells.

Question 6

3 main sources of water

Answer 6

Liquids we drink, in the foods we eat, catabolism of nutrients in the cells

Question 7

4 main outputs of fluids

Answer 7

Water vapor we exhale, sweat, urine, water lost in feces

Question 8

Hormones that decrease urine output

Answer 8

Antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone

Question 9

Hormones that increase urine output

Answer 9

Atrial natriuretic hormone. Secreted when blood volumes stretch the atrium

Question 10

Capillary blood pressure

Answer 10

Regulates how much water leaves the blood and enters the interstitial fluid. Increased pressure means more fluid leaves the blood. Decrease means less fluid leaves the blood.

Question 11

Plasma proteins

Answer 11

Contribute to osmotic pressure. Hold water in the blood and can pull additional water from interstitial fluid. Decrease in the proteins can lead to edema

Question 12

Water intoxication

Answer 12

Rapidly drinking to much water or giving hypotonic solutions to persons unable to dilute or excrete urine normally. Confusion, lethargy in mild cases. Stupor, seizures, and coma may result if severe.

Question 13

Cations

Answer 13

Positively charged ions. Important ions are sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium

Question 14

Anions

Answer 14

Negatively charged ions. Important anions are chloride, bicarbonate, phosphates and many proteins.

Question 15

Hyper/hyponatremia

Answer 15

Over or under abundance of sodium in the body. Both affect The central nervous system functioning. Headaches, confusion, seizures, and in the most severe cases coma and death

Question 16

Hyperkalemia

Answer 16

Excess potassium. Skeletal muscles weaken and paralysis results. Severe cases can lead to cardiac arrest

Question 17

Hypokalemia

Answer 17

Low blood potassium levels. Skeletal muscle weakness and cardiac problems. Noted in prolonged ST segment in an EKG. Also causes smooth muscle in the GI tract to not contract properly causing abdominal distention and diminished rate of passing of intestinal contents.

Question 18

Hypercalcemia

Answer 18

Excess calcium. Fatigue, muscle weakness, diminished reflexes, delayed AV conduction in the heart.

Question 19

Hypocalcemia

Answer 19

Diminished calcium in the body. Increased neuromuscular irritability. Cramping, twitching, hyperactive reflexes and abnormal cardiac rhythms.