Chapter 9 - Enzymes Flashcards
What is a catalyst
A substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up
What is an enzyme
A protein that speeds up a reaction without being used up - biological catalyst
What is a protein
A sequence of amino acids
Describe the type of protein enzymes are
Globular
They’re 3D, folded
What determines the function of an enzyme
The shape and sequence
3D shape means that it will fit neatly and react only with a substance of the shape that matches it
What is a substrate
A substance in which an enzyme reacts
What is a product
Substance which an enzyme forms
Describe proteins
3D shape - means it fits with a specific substrate- the place in which the substrate fits is called the active site
Reactions are reversible - enzymes can be catabolic and anabolic
How is an enzymes named
By adding “ase” at the end of the substrate
What is an active site
The site that a substrate fits into on an enzyme
What is the role of a catabolic enzymes
Amylase converts starch into maltose
Amylase is made in salivary glands and pancreas
Seeds release amylase when germinating
What is the role of anabolic enzymes
DNA polymerase forms and repairs dna
Enzymes that control photosynthesis
DNA ligase joins two pieces of dna together
What effects enzyme activity
Temperature
Ph
What is a denatured enzyme
An enzyme that has lost its shape and can no longer carry out their function
What is the usually the optimum ph for enzymes
7
What is the exception to the optimum ph of an enzyme being 7
Pepsin has an optimum ph of 2
Discuss enzymes in relation to temperature
At 0 degrees Celsius the cell freezes
As temperature increase so does the rate of reaction - substrate and enzymes bump into each other because they move around faster
What is the ideal temperature for human enzymes
37 degrees Celsius
What is the ideal temperature for plant enzymes
20 - 30 degrees Celsius
What is bioprocessing give examples
The use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce a product
Alcohol, foodstuffs, drugs, antibiotics
What is a bioreactor
A vessel where biological reactions take place
What is immobilization
Enzymes are attached to each other or another inert materials
What does inert mean
Non reactants
Name the three types of physical immobilization
Adsorption
Membrane enclosed
Trapped in a gel - sodium alginate
What is adsorption in relation to physical immobilization
Physically attaching an enzyme to inactive supports such as glass beads
Name the two types of chemical immobilization
Bonded to a support
Bonded to each other
What are the advantages of immobilization
Enzymes Can be reused Product can be purified Stable Cheaper Efficient
Name 3 uses of immobilized enzymes
Soft drink companies - use to immobilize glucose isomerase to convert glucose to fructose
Penicillin acylase - used to alter structure of penicillin to make new antibiotics and reduce costs
Lactase - immobilized to convert lactose into sweeter sugars ( glucose / galactose ) replaces condensed milk in food stuff.
What is cellular energy?
Energy stored in the bonds of bio molecules
What is enzyme inhibition
Inhibitors are molecules that prevent an enzyme from working. They do this by blocking the active site of an enzyme
