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Biology (LC) > Chapter 36 - The Skeleton And Muscles > Flashcards

Chapter 36 - The Skeleton And Muscles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What controls the skeletal and muscles system?

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

A

Framework - support
Shape - tall
Protection - skull protects the brain etc
Movement - rigid levers that the muscles can pull
Manufacture of blood cells - bone marrow makes blood components

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3
Q

How many bones are in an adult body?

A

206

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4
Q

What are the names of the two parts of the skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton - skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum

Appendicular skeleton - everything else

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5
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22 bones fused together

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6
Q

How many vertabrae are in the spine?

A

33

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7
Q

What is the function of the vertebrae?

A

To protect and surround the nerves of the spinal cord

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8
Q

What is between the vertebrae?

A

Pad of fluid enclosed by cartilage called a disc

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9
Q

What is the function of the discs between vertabrae?

A

Shock absorbers and protect against the vertabrae from rubbing again each other

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10
Q

What are the five regions of the spine?

A 
Cervical (neck) - 7
Thoracic (chest) - 12
Lumbar (small of back) - 5
Sacrum (hip) - 5 fused together 
Coccyx (tail) - 4 fused together
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11
Q

What are the three types of ribs?

A

True ribs - 7 pairs - attached to sternum
False ribs - 3 pairs - attached to rib above
Floating ribs - 2 pairs - attached to nothing

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12
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A

Contains collarbone and shoulder blade (clavicle and scapulae)

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13
Q

What is the pelvic girdle?

A

Contains hip bones which is attached to sacrum, pelvis,
2 halves (3 pieces each) joined by cartilage
Fused to spine

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14
Q

What bones are in the arm?

A

Numerous, radius, ulna, carpels (wrist), metacarpals (hand), phalanges (fingers)

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15
Q

What are the bones in the legs?

A

Femur, patella (knee), tibia (shin), fibula, tarsals (ankles), metatarsals (foot), phalange (toes)

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16
Q

What is compact bone made from?

A

Osteoblasts

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17
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone cells enclosed in a matrix

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18
Q

What do osteoblasts consist of?

A

70% inorganic salts (phosphate, calcium)

30% organic material (collagen)

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19
Q

Where is bone marrow?

A

Medullary cavity

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20
Q

What types of bone marrow are there?

A

Red - active in making blood cells

Yellow - inactive and contains numerous fat storage cells

21
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Consists of a mixture of compact bone with pockets of bone marrow
Gives strength and rigidity to bones without making them too heavy

22
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A flexible material that consists of protein fibers embedded in a matrix. Protects the ends of bones and acts as a shock absorber

23
Q

What is a periosteum?

A

Surrounding membrane of a long bone

Consists of blood vessels and nerves

24
Q

Why is cartilage slow to heal?

A

Lacks blood supply and nerves, relies on diffusion

25
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where two or more bones meet

26
Q

What are three categories of joints?

A

Immovable - don’t move e.g. pelvic girdle
Slightly moveable - move a little e.g. vertabrae
Freely moveable - moveable e.g. synovial joints

27
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Lubricates and reduces friction between bones. End of bone covered by cartilage.

28
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Connect bone to bone
Strong, fibrous, slightly elastic
More flexible when warm

29
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Connect muscle to bone
Strong, flexible, inelastic fibres
Composed of collagen

30
Q

What are the two types of joints?

A

Hinge joints e.g. elbow

Ball and socket joint e.g. shoulder

31
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Allows movement in one direction only

Supports heavy loads

32
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

Allows movement in all directions

33
Q

Name a musculoskeletal disorder

A

Arthritis - painful disorder where there is inflammation in joints
Results in swelling, pain

34
Q

What are the two types of arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis - occurs from 50 years onwards, cartilage in synovial joints worn down
Rheumatoid arthritis - most severe form, genetic, immune system turns on itself, synovial membranes attacked and then swelling occurs

35
Q

How to prevent arthritis?

A

Reduce damage to joints by use of proper footwear, exercise on soft ground

36
Q

How to treat arthritis?

A

No cure

Reduce pain by rest, weight loss, anti inflammatory medications, replace joint

37
Q

What are muscles made of?

A

Protein

38
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Involuntary (smooth) - located in intestines, bladder, involuntary control, slow to tire
Cardiac muscle - located in heart, contracts quickly and doesn’t tire, involuntary
Voluntary (skeletal or striped) - muscle that causes body movements, contracts quickly but tires easily

39
Q

What is an antagonistic pair of muscles?

A

Two muscle work together that have opposite effects

One muscle is needed to move another muscle.

40
Q

Give an example of an antagonist pair of muscles?

A

Upper arm: tricep contracts to lower forarm

Biceps contracts to raise forarm

41
Q

What is embryonic cartilage?

A

Replaced with bone 8th week in uterus

42
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Produce collagen

43
Q

What is a calcium phosphate?

A

Surrounds collagen fibres

Makes a hard material

44
Q

How do bones grow?

A

Growth plate causes cartilage to form and ossify

45
Q

Where is the growth plate?

A

Between epiphysis and diaphysis

46
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Loss of protein from bone, bone becomes brittle

47
Q

How do bones develop?

A

Osteoblasts form compact bone around external surface
Osteoclasts break down bone on internal surface around medullary cavity
These two processes at the same time increase diameter of bone

48
Q

What 3 factors affect bone development?

A

Stress on bones causes osteoblast stimulation
Hormone levels - puberty
Calcium in diet

49
Q

What is parathormone?

A

Removes calcium from bone into blood - essential for muscles and nerves.

Biology (LC) (34 decks)

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