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Biology (LC) > Chapter 41 - Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 41 - Human Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual - 2 parents, gametes, variations

Asexual - 1 parent, no gametes, exact copy

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2
Q

What are the three main parts of human reproduction?

A

Gonads,
Transport tubes,
Hormones

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3
Q

What is the male gonad?

A

Testes

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4
Q

What temperature is optimum for sperm?

A

35°c

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5
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

Tubules (smaller tubes) that mature and store the sperm for up to six weeks

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6
Q

What is another name for the sperm duct?

A

Vas deferens

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7
Q

What is the function of the sperm duct?

A

Carry sperm to the prostate and into the urethra

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8
Q

What is the function of the prostate, Cowper’s gland and seminal vesicles?

A

Produce seminal fluid

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9
Q

What is seminal fluid?

A

An alkaline solution that nourishes the sperm

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10
Q

Name the 2 glands in the male reproductive system.

A

Cowper’s gland and prostate gland

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11
Q

What is semen?

A

Sperm + seminal fluid

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12
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Carries semen out of the body via the penis - dual function organ- releases urine

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13
Q

What are the three parts of a sperm called?

A

Head
Collar
Tail

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14
Q

What is the function of an acrosome?

A

At the top of the head of a sperm

Contains digestive enzymes so that is can enter an egg

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15
Q

What is the function of the collar of a sperm?

A

Contains many mitochondria

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16
Q

What does the nucleus of a sperm contain?

A

23 chromosomes

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17
Q

What is another name for the tail of a sperm?

A

Flagellum

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18
Q

Describe the lifecycle of a sperm.

A

Produced by meiosis once puberty begins
Continues to be produced for the lifetime of the male
Survives for up to 72 hours after ejaculation

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19
Q

What produces hormones?

A

Pituitary gland

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20
Q

What are the 3 hormones involved in the male reproductive system?

A

FSH
LH
Testosterone

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21
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Leuteinisng hormone

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22
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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23
Q

What is the function of FSH in a male?

A

Causes diploid sperm producing cells to divide by meiosis

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24
Q

What is the function of LH in the male?

A

Stimulates testes to produce testosterone

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25
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

Causes primary (being born with male gonad) and secondary (puberty) male characteristics

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26
Q

What is a type of male infertility?

A

Low sperm count

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27
Q

What are 3 causes of male infertility?

A

Smoking
Alcohol and drug abuse
Low hormone levels

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28
Q

What is a correction method for male infertility?

A

Change in lifestyle

Hormone treatment

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29
Q

What is the female gonad?

A

Ovary

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30
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Produce eggs, all present at birth, one released each month

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31
Q

What is another name for the Fallopian tube?

A

Ovyduct

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32
Q

What is the function of the Fallopian tube?

A

Muscular tube
Funnels at tip - catches the egg as it’s released
Egg moved along tube by cilia and muscular peristalsis
Egg fertilized or dies here

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33
Q

What are the two parts to the uterus?

A

Inner wall - endometrium

Outer wall - muscle

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34
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Opening to the uterus

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35
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Muscular tube
Allows entry of sperm and acts as a birth canal
Lined with mucous producing cells - protects again pathogens

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36
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Each month 20 eggs are produced by meiosis

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37
Q

What happens during days 1 - 5 of the menstruated cycle?

A

Endometrium breaks down and shed by the body
FSH released by pituitary gland
Meiosis occurs in ovary to create new egg

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38
Q

What happens during days 6 - 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen produced by Graafian follicle - this stops FSH
Endometrium thickens
Allows one egg to develop

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39
Q

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation

LH released by pituitary gland

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40
Q

What happens during day 14 - 28 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone released by corpus Leuteum -Endometrium thickens further, inhibits LH and FSH
No fertilization occurs progesterone levels decrease and the cycle starts again

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41
Q

What is the fertile period?

A

Days 11 - 16
Egg survives for 48 hours
Sperm can survive up to 72 hours

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42
Q

What are the four hormones in the female reproductive system?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone
LH
FSH

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43
Q

What is the function of oestrogen?

A

Causes endometrium to thicken
Causes primary and secondary female characteristics
Made in the Graafian follicle (in ovary)
Inhibits FSH - ensures no further egg develops
High levels just before day 14 to stimulate LH

44
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

Causes endometrium to thicken
Inhibits FSH - stops further eggs developing
Prevents contractions of the uterus
Made in the corpus leuteum

45
Q

What is a form of female infertility?

A

Failure to ovulate

46
Q

What is the cause of female infertility?

A

Hormonal disorder
Stress
Tumor

47
Q

What is a corrective method for female infertility?

A

Hormonal treatment
Stress relief
Surgery

48
Q

What are the 8 stages of human reproduction?

A
  1. Gamete production
  2. Copulation
  3. Fertilization
  4. Implantation
  5. Placenta formation
  6. Gestation
  7. Birth
  8. Lactation
49
Q

Explains stage 1 in human reproduction.

A

Sperm and egg producing cells are diploid
They divide by meiosis to create haploid cells
Sperm nucleus (n=23) egg nucleus (n=23)
They combine to create a zygote (2n=46)

50
Q

Explain the second stage of human reproduction.

A

Sexual intercourse - orgasm for male and females
Insemination - release of semen into the vagina outside cervix
Sperm moves to Fallopian tube - if egg is present it is attracted to it (chemotaxis)

51
Q

Explain stage 3 of sexual reproduction.

A

Many sperm released - acidic conditions, attacked by whit blood cells
Fertilization occurs in Fallopian tube
Sperm and egg fuse - diploid cell created - zygote
Day 11 - 16

52
Q

Explain the 4 stage of the reproductive system.

A 
The fertilized egg is embedded into the lining of the uterus 
Day 6 - 9 
Zygote develops into embryo 
Amnion surrounds embryo
Amniotic fluid protects again shock
53
Q

Explain the 5 stage of reproduction

A

After implantation The embryo forms another membrane called the chorian
projections of the chorian called villi join with blood vessels in the endometrium to form the placenta
the placenta is fully functioning in about three months
umbilical cord connects the embryo at the Naval with the placenta

54
Q

What does the placenta connect to?

A

The navel

55
Q

What are the three functions of the placenta?

A
  1. Exchanges substances between blood of the mother and the embryo - gases, hormones, wastes
  2. Blood of the mother and the embryo do not mix - not compatible, blood pressure too strong
  3. Endocrine gland as it produces hormones - progesterone
56
Q

What is another name for birth?

A

Parturition

57
Q

Explain the 7 stage of reproduction.

A

The placenta stops producing progesterone - causes the uterus to contract
Oxytocin is produces by the pituitary gland - contractions, beginning of Labour

58
Q

What are the 3 stages of Labour?

A
  1. Contractions push the foetus down towards the cervix - anion breaks, amniotic fluid is released through the vagina
  2. Cervix dilates and foetus is pushed out through the cervix and vagina - umbilical cord is out
  3. The placenta and foetal membrane are released through the vagina.
59
Q

What is lactation?

A

Lactation is that secretion of milk by the memory gland of the female

60
Q

What is colostrum?

A

Thick yellow fluid produced during the first few days of lactation
Low in fat and sugar but rich in minerals, protein and antibodies

61
Q

What is prolactin ?

A

Hormone stimulates milk production - continues as long as breast feeding occurs

62
Q

Name 4 benefits of breast feeding.

A

Nutrients and antibodies present
Safer for baby
May reduce risk of breast cancer
Helps mother recover from effects of pregnancy

63
Q

What is ivf?

A

When the eggs are removed from the ovary and fertilized outside the body.

64
Q

Name 3 reasons for ivf.

A

Blocked Fallopian tube
Inability to produce eggs
Low sperm count

65
Q

What are the four steps to the ivf procedure?

A

Fertility drugs given to stimulate egg production
Day 14 eggs surgically removed
Mixed with sperm in glassware
If embryo is formed it is inserted into the uterus

66
Q

What is abortion

A

The termination of pregnancy

67
Q

What is contraception?

A

Taking measures to avoid pregnancy

68
Q

What are the 4 methods of contraception?

A
  1. Natural - understanding menstrual cycles
  2. Mechanical - using physical barriers to prevent the sperm reaching the egg e.g. condom
  3. Chemical - preventing ovulation using progesterone and oestrogen e.g. the pill
  4. Surgical - getting the reproductive organs removed or cut e.g. vasectomy
69
Q

Where are hormones made?

A

Pituitary gland

70
Q

What days in the menstrual cycle is FSH present?

A

Days 1 - 5

71
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

Stimulates egg production
Used in partiality treatments - used to stimulate ovaries to produce eggs
Produces Graafian follicle

72
Q

What is the Graafian follicle?

A

A follicle that surround an egg and produces oestrogen

73
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

Graafian follicle

74
Q

What’s days in the menstrual cycle is oestrogen produced?

A

Days 5 - 14

75
Q

What are the 3 functions of oestrogen?

A
  1. Causes endometrium to develop
  2. Inhibits FSH (this stops the production of eggs)
  3. Stimulates LH on day 14 by increased levels
76
Q

What stops the production of eggs?

A

Oestrogen

77
Q

What days in the menstrual cycle is LH present?

A

Day 14

78
Q

What are the 2 functions of LH?

A
  1. Causes ovulation

2. Causes Graafian follicle to develop into corpus leuteum

79
Q

What does the corpus leuteum do?

A

Makes progesterone and a small amount of oestrogen

80
Q

What days in the menstrual cycle is progesterone present?

A

Days 14 - 28

81
Q

What are the 4 functions of progesterone?

A
  1. Maintains structure of endometrium
  2. Inhibits FSH
  3. Inhibits LH
  4. Prevents contraction of the uterus
82
Q

What happens to the corpus leuteum if pregnancy does not occur?

A

Starts to degenerate from day 22 which decreases level of progesterone

83
Q

Where is progesterone made?

A

Corpus leuteum

84
Q

What happens on day 28 if pregnancy does not occur?

A

Low levels of progesterone and oestrogen Leads to an increase in FSH which means new egg begins to develop

85
Q

What happens when a new egg is produced?

A

The uterus contracts and endometrium is shed from the body

86
Q

Name a menstruated disorder.

A

Fibroids

87
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A tissue where the cells rapidly divide

88
Q

What are the two types of tumors?

A

Benign - doesn’t invade other tissues

Malignant - invades other tissues

89
Q

What kind of tumor are fibroids?

A

Benign

90
Q

What are the causes of fibroids?

A

Abnormal response to oestrogen

91
Q

How can you prevent fibroids?

A

Frequent examinations

92
Q

What is a treatment for fibroids?

A

Surgery

93
Q

What does a zygote turn into?

A

A morula

94
Q

On what day is a morula formed?

A

Day 3

95
Q

What is a morula?

A

A solid ball of cells

96
Q

What happens to a morula after fertilization?

A

It turns into a blastocyst

97
Q

When does a blastocyst form?

A

5 days after fertilization

98
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A hollow ball of cells

99
Q

In a blastocyst there is inner cells and outer cells what is there function?

A

Outer cells - trophoblast which forms membrane around embryo
Inner cells - inner mass cells which have no function

100
Q

What happens 10 days after fertilization to the blastocyst?

A

The inner cells (inner cell mass) forms an embryonic disc

101
Q

What are germ layers?

A

Layers of the embryonic disc that form adult tissue and organs

102
Q

What are the three germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

103
Q

What is the ectoderm?

A

The layer outside the body - skin, hair

104
Q

What is the endoderm?

A

The layer inside the body - digestive, respiratory, excretory system

105
Q

What are the 5 milestones of a developing embryo?

A
  1. Heart forms (heartbeat), brain develops, umbilical cord
  2. Internal organs and limbs
  3. Features such as eyes, mouth, nose
  4. Gender (ovaries/testes), tail bone goes, bone replaces cartilage
  5. Nerves and muscles coordinate (movement), foetus sucks it’s thumb, urinates
106
Q

On what weeks do the milestones occur?

A
  1. Week 4
  2. Week 5
  3. Week 6
  4. Week 8
  5. Week 12

Biology (LC) (34 decks)

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