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Biology (LC) > Chapter 39: Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 39: Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual - mitosis , one parent , identical offspring

Sexual - meiosis , two parents , variation

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2
Q

What is the male part of the flower?

A

Stamen

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3
Q

What are the parts of the stamen?

A

Anther

Filament

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4
Q

What is the function of the anther?

A

Produces pollen

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5
Q

What is the function of the filament?

A

Holds anther in place, has vascular bundles

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6
Q

What is the female part of the flower?

A

Carpel

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7
Q

What are the parts of carpel?

A

Stigma
Style
Ovary

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8
Q

What is the function of stigma?

A

Where the pollen lands

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9
Q

What is the function of the style?

A

Pollen travels down

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10
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Contains ovules, formation of the female gamete

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11
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther to a stigma of a flower from the same species

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12
Q

What are the two types of pollination?

A

Self pollination

Cross pollination

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13
Q

What is self pollination?

A

Self fertilization

Seeds are less sturdy and vigorous

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14
Q

What is cross pollination?

A

Cross fertilisation - one plant fertilizes another

Seeds are more varied and vigorous

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15
Q

What are the two methods of pollination?

A

Animal

Wind

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16
Q

What are wind pollination adaptations?

A

Petals: small, not colored
Anthers: outside petal
Stigmas: large feathery and outside petals
Pollen: large numbers, light, dry and small
E.g. rye grass

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17
Q

What are the adaptations of animal pollination?

A 
Petals: brightly coloured, scented with nectar
Anthers: inside petals
Stigmas: sticky, inside petals
Pollen: small amounts, sticky
E.g. daisy
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18
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

The union of the male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote

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19
Q

What is double fertilisation?

A

One sperm nucleus (n) fuses with an egg nucleus (n) to form a zygote (2n)
Then
The second sperm (n) fuses with the 2 polar nuclei (n) to form a endosperm (3n)

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20
Q

How is a seed formed?

A

The fertilised ovule becomes the seed
The zygote grows by mitosis - becomes embryo
Endosperm divides by mitosis - expands and absorbs nucellus - becomes food source

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21
Q

What is the function of the endosperm?

A

Food source

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22
Q

What are the parts of an embryo?

A

Radicle
Plumule
Cotyledon

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23
Q

What is the radicle?

A

Future roots

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24
Q

What is the plumule?

A

Future shoots

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25
Q

What is the cotyledon?

A

Stores food, used for germination

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26
Q

What are the two types of seeds?

A

Non endospermic

Endospermic

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27
Q

What is the difference between endospermic and non endospermic seeds?

A

Non endospermic - no endosperm because it is absorbed by cotyledon e.g. broad bean
Endospermic - endosperm present, it’s only partially absorbed by cotyledon e.g. maize

28
Q

What is the difference between monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots - single cotyledon, long leaf, parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, flowers in groups of 3, food stored in endosperm
Dicots - two cotyledons, broad lead, network of veins, ring of vascular bundles, flowers in multiples of 5, food stored in cotyledons

29
Q

Describe the formation of fruit.

A

Ovary becomes fruit when seed develops

Wall of ovary become wall of fruit - pericarp

30
Q

What is the pericarp?

A

Wall of fruit

31
Q

What are fruits designed for?

A

Protection of seed

Help in seed dispersal

32
Q

What is a false fruit?

A

A fruit that develop from other parts of the flower - not the ovary

33
Q

How are seedless fruits made?

A

Parthenocarpy- fruit develops without egg being fertilised

34
Q

How does fruit form?

A

Genetically - naturally or by special breeding e.g. bananas
Growth regulars - large concentration of auxins (ethene) e.g. grapes

35
Q

What auxin ripens fruit?

A

Ethene

36
Q

What is dispersal?

A

Transfer of a seed or fruit away from the parent plant

37
Q

What are the advantages of dispersal?

A

Avoids competition
Increases chances of survival
Finds new areas for growth
Increase number of species

38
Q

What are the four types of dispersal?

A

Wind,
Water,
Animal,
Self (explosive)

39
Q

Describe wind dispersal.

A

Light seeds - little food supply

Uses wings or parachute devices e.g. dandelions, sycamore

40
Q

Describe water dispersal.

A

Light, air filled fruits

Allows floatation e.g. coconuts

41
Q

Describe animal dispersal.

A

Carried long distances

Two adaptations- sticky fruits, cling to fur e.g. goose grass -edible fruits, seeds pass through digestion system

42
Q

Describe self dispersal.

A

Explosive mechanism, pods that dry out and split open e.g. peas

43
Q

What is dormancy?

A

The resting period when seeds no longer undergo growth and have reduced all activity

44
Q

What brings about dormancy?

A

Growth inhibitors
Testa impermeable by water
Testa too tough to allow embryo to emerge
Lack of growth regulator

45
Q

What are the advantages of dormancy?

A

Plant avoids harsh conditions
Embryo gets time to develop
Allows time for seed to be dispersed
Maximizes growth season

46
Q

What is germination?

A

The regrowth of an embryo after a period of dormancy

47
Q

What are the conditions needed for germination?

A

Water
Oxygen
Temperature
Dormancy completed

48
Q

What are the steps in germination?

A
  1. Water is absorbed
  2. Food reserves are digested
  3. Food is moved to the embryo
  4. Embryo starts to grow
  5. Glucose turned to ATP
  6. Radicle breaks through testa
  7. Plumule emerges above ground
49
Q

How is the male gamete formed?

A

Microspore divides by meiosis
Produces 4 haploid cells - tetrad
Tetrad breaks into 4 pollen grains

50
Q

What is a microspore?

A

Original parent cell in male part of flower

51
Q

What is tapetum?

A

Food store for male part of flower

52
Q

How many chambers are in the anther?

A

4

53
Q

What are the parts of a pollen grain?

A

Exine

Intine

54
Q

What is exine?

A

Thick outer wall of pollen grain, allows for survival, distinctive pattern

55
Q

What is intine?

A

Thin inner coat of pollen grain

56
Q

How does pollen mature?

A

Haploid nucleus divides by mitosis
Make generative nucleus
And tube nucleus

57
Q

What are the parts of the ovary?

A 
Ovary has one or more ovules
Two walls (integuments) with opening (microphyle) 
Nucellus - food source for embryo sac
58
Q

How does an embryo sac develop?

A 
Megaspore divides by meiosis 
Produces 4 haploid cells
3 degenerate
1 embryo sac
Embryo sac divides by mitosis to make 8 haploid nuclei
5 die
2 become polar nuclei 
1 egg cell
59
Q

How does fertilisation occur?

A

Pollen releases 2 sperm nuclei and degenerate tube nucleus into pollen tube, one sperm fuses with egg cell - zygote, other sperm fuses with two polar nuclei - endosperm

60
Q

What are the materials needed for the experiment to show digestion?

A 
Broad beans 
Starch agar dishes
Disinfectant 
Forceps
Sharp blade
Incubator 
Iodine
61
Q

What are the 7 steps in the digestion experiment?

A
  1. Soak broad beans
  2. Sterilize all equipment including seeds
  3. Boil half the seeds
  4. Split the seeds down the center using a knife
  5. Place the seeds face down into the agar. Boiled in one dish. Unboiled in the other.
  6. Store Petri dishes in incubator for 2 days at 20°
  7. Test both using iodine solution.
62
Q

What are the results after an iodine test?

A

Starch turn blue black

Where there is no starch it is clear

63
Q

What are the results of the digestion test?

A

Unboiled seed is negative for starch - it digested it

Boiled seed is positive for starch

64
Q

What materials are needed for the experiment that investigates water, oxygen and temp effect on germination?

A 
Broad beans 
Distilled water
Anaerobic kit
4 Petri dishes
Thermometers
Fridge
Cotton wool
65
Q

In the oxygen, water, temperature test what should each Petri dish consist of?

A
  1. Cotton wool, water, seeds, incubate, anaerobic producing chemical in an anaerobic jar
  2. Cotton wool, water, seeds, fridge, has oxygen
  3. Cotton wool, water, seeds, incubator, oxygen
  4. Cotton wool, seeds, incubator, oxygen
66
Q

What is the results of the water, oxygen temperature test?

A

The only seeds that germinated are the ones in the dish with cotton wool, water, oxygen, incubator
Appearance of plumule and radicle

Biology (LC) (34 decks)

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