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Biology (LC) > Chapter 12 - Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is external respiration

A

Gas exchange

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2
Q

What is internal respiration

A

Release of energy from food

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3
Q

What is energy called and what is it used for

A

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

Used for all metabolic reactions in the cell

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4
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

The controlled release of energy from food using oxygen

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5
Q

What is the balanced equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ———— 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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6
Q

What percentage of energy is converted to atp

A

40%

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7
Q

What are the two stages of aerobic respiration called

A

Stage 1 - glycolysis (anaerobic)

Stage 2 - Krebs cycle

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8
Q

What does the 6 carbon molecule glucose convert to

A

2x3 carbon molecule pyruvate

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9
Q

What are the products of glycolysis

A

2 ATP + 2NADH

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10
Q

What does pyruvate convert to for aerobic respiration

A

Acetyl coA - a 2 carbon molecule

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11
Q

What are the products of converting pyruvate to acetyl coA

A

Carbon dioxide + NADH

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12
Q

What happens after pyruvate is converted to acetyl coA

A

Krebs cycle

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13
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle

A

Carbon dioxide x2 + 3NADH + NADH + ATP

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14
Q

What is the equation for atp

A

ADP + P —- ATP + H2O

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15
Q

What is the equation for NADH

A

NAD+ + 2e- + H+ ——— NADH = 3ATP

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16
Q

What are the differences between stage 1 and stage 2

A

Stage 1 - no oxygen, cytosoll of cell, 2ATPs produced, incomplete breakdown of glucose
Stage 2 - oxygen, lumen of mitochondria, 38 ATPs, complete breakdown of glucose

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17
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

The controlled release of energy from food without using oxygen

18
Q

What is anaerobic respiration also known as

A

Fermentation

19
Q

In anaerobic respiration what happens after glucose is converted to pyruvate

A
  1. Lactic acid fermentation in mammals where 2 lactic acid is produced
  2. Alcohol fermentation in yeast where 2 ethanol and 2 carbon dioxide is produced
20
Q

In the mitochondria where is atp released

A

Cristae

21
Q

What is the role of ATP and NAD+

A

They are energy carriers

22
Q

What is ADP made of

A

Adenine + ribose and two phosphates

23
Q

Is ADP a low energy or high energy molecule

A

Low energy

24
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

When another phosphate is added to ADP to create ATP

25
Q

What is the relationship between the phosphates in ATP

A

The third phosphate and second one have an unstable bond

26
Q

Is ATP a high energy or low energy molecule

A

High energy - supplies energy to the cell

27
Q

What is bad about ATP

A

It cannot hold energy for very long

It breaks down and releases the energy and converts it back to ADP

28
Q

How does NAD+ change to form NADH

A

It combines with 2 high energy electrons (e-) and a proton (hydrogen/H)

29
Q

Where does the electron transport system take place

A

Cristae of mitochondria

30
Q

What is necessary for the electron transport system

A

Oxygen

31
Q

What happens when cristae increases

A

More proteins can fit in them

32
Q

What happens during the electron transport system

A

NADH releases high energy electrons
these electrons pass through the pathway and release energy as they move
the energy that they release is used to make ATP
at the end of the pathway you are left with low energy electrons which combine with oxygen and hydrogen to form water (H2O)

33
Q

What is biotechnology

A

The use of living things to manufacture useful products

34
Q

Where does industrial fermentation take place

A

A bioreactor

35
Q

Give examples of bacteria, yeast and fungi being used in industrial fermentation

A

Bacteria: yoghurt - food
Yeast: ethanol - wine
Other fungi: antibiotics - kills bacteria

36
Q

What is immobilization

A

attaching molecules to each other or to another inert object (gel, each other)

37
Q

What are four advantages of immobilization

A

Cells can be reused
No waste products
Less costs
Pure product

38
Q

what does pyruvate (pyruvic acid) convert to during the first stage (glycolosis)/

A

lactic acid or ethanol + carbon dioxide

39
Q

describe how to prepare a solution for alcohol fermentation.

A
  • mix glucose and water together
  • bring to the boil
  • add yeast
  • cover with oil
  • leave in a warm room (water bath)
40
Q

describe how to show the production of ethanol during an experiment.

A
  • add potassium iodide
  • add sodium hypochlorite
  • pale yellow crystals should form if ethanol is present
41
Q

describe how to test for alcohol in a solution.

A
  • add acidified potassium dichromate
  • warm in hot water
  • if the solution turns from orange to green alcohol is present
42
Q

describe what happens during Krebs cycle.

A

acetyl CoA goes through a cycle of reactions and is converted to CO2 + H (hydrogen)
high energy electrons and protons are released and form NADH
ADP is then converted to ATP

Biology (LC) (34 decks)

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