Chapter 12 - Respiration Flashcards
What is external respiration
Gas exchange
What is internal respiration
Release of energy from food
What is energy called and what is it used for
ATP - adenosine triphosphate
Used for all metabolic reactions in the cell
What is aerobic respiration
The controlled release of energy from food using oxygen
What is the balanced equation for aerobic respiration
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ———— 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
What percentage of energy is converted to atp
40%
What are the two stages of aerobic respiration called
Stage 1 - glycolysis (anaerobic)
Stage 2 - Krebs cycle
What does the 6 carbon molecule glucose convert to
2x3 carbon molecule pyruvate
What are the products of glycolysis
2 ATP + 2NADH
What does pyruvate convert to for aerobic respiration
Acetyl coA - a 2 carbon molecule
What are the products of converting pyruvate to acetyl coA
Carbon dioxide + NADH
What happens after pyruvate is converted to acetyl coA
Krebs cycle
What are the products of the Krebs cycle
Carbon dioxide x2 + 3NADH + NADH + ATP
What is the equation for atp
ADP + P —- ATP + H2O
What is the equation for NADH
NAD+ + 2e- + H+ ——— NADH = 3ATP
What are the differences between stage 1 and stage 2
Stage 1 - no oxygen, cytosoll of cell, 2ATPs produced, incomplete breakdown of glucose
Stage 2 - oxygen, lumen of mitochondria, 38 ATPs, complete breakdown of glucose
What is anaerobic respiration
The controlled release of energy from food without using oxygen
What is anaerobic respiration also known as
Fermentation
In anaerobic respiration what happens after glucose is converted to pyruvate
- Lactic acid fermentation in mammals where 2 lactic acid is produced
- Alcohol fermentation in yeast where 2 ethanol and 2 carbon dioxide is produced
In the mitochondria where is atp released
Cristae
What is the role of ATP and NAD+
They are energy carriers
What is ADP made of
Adenine + ribose and two phosphates
Is ADP a low energy or high energy molecule
Low energy
What is phosphorylation
When another phosphate is added to ADP to create ATP
What is the relationship between the phosphates in ATP
The third phosphate and second one have an unstable bond
Is ATP a high energy or low energy molecule
High energy - supplies energy to the cell
What is bad about ATP
It cannot hold energy for very long
It breaks down and releases the energy and converts it back to ADP
How does NAD+ change to form NADH
It combines with 2 high energy electrons (e-) and a proton (hydrogen/H)
Where does the electron transport system take place
Cristae of mitochondria
What is necessary for the electron transport system
Oxygen
What happens when cristae increases
More proteins can fit in them
What happens during the electron transport system
NADH releases high energy electrons
these electrons pass through the pathway and release energy as they move
the energy that they release is used to make ATP
at the end of the pathway you are left with low energy electrons which combine with oxygen and hydrogen to form water (H2O)
What is biotechnology
The use of living things to manufacture useful products
Where does industrial fermentation take place
A bioreactor
Give examples of bacteria, yeast and fungi being used in industrial fermentation
Bacteria: yoghurt - food
Yeast: ethanol - wine
Other fungi: antibiotics - kills bacteria
What is immobilization
attaching molecules to each other or to another inert object (gel, each other)
What are four advantages of immobilization
Cells can be reused
No waste products
Less costs
Pure product
what does pyruvate (pyruvic acid) convert to during the first stage (glycolosis)/
lactic acid or ethanol + carbon dioxide
describe how to prepare a solution for alcohol fermentation.
- mix glucose and water together
- bring to the boil
- add yeast
- cover with oil
- leave in a warm room (water bath)
describe how to show the production of ethanol during an experiment.
- add potassium iodide
- add sodium hypochlorite
- pale yellow crystals should form if ethanol is present
describe how to test for alcohol in a solution.
- add acidified potassium dichromate
- warm in hot water
- if the solution turns from orange to green alcohol is present
describe what happens during Krebs cycle.
acetyl CoA goes through a cycle of reactions and is converted to CO2 + H (hydrogen)
high energy electrons and protons are released and form NADH
ADP is then converted to ATP
