Chapter 9 (BAL) Flashcards
Preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members.
Prejudice
Belief about the personal attributes of a group of people; sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate).
Stereotype
Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members.
Discrimination
Individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people
of a given race; institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race.
Racism
An individual’s prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward
people of a given sex; institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given sex.
Sexism
Test that has been used many times to test “implicit cognition”
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
What you know without knowing what you know.
“implicit cognition”
May change dramatically with education
EXPLICIT (CONSCIOUS) ATTITUDES
May linger, changing only as we form new
habits through practice
IMPLICIT (UNCONSCIOUS) ATTITUDES
Subtle prejudice may also be expressed as
“microaggressions”
Act of being a patron or supporter.
Patronization
Stereotypes (beliefs) are not prejudices (attitudes). True of false?
True
Motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups.
Social dominance orientation
Believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups.
Ethnocentric
Personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status.
Authoritarian personality
The cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown, we often redirect our hostility.
Displaced aggression(Scapegoating)
States that maximum competition will exist between species with identical needs.
Gause’s Law
Our sense of our personal attributes and attitudes
PERSONAL IDENTITY
The “we” aspect of our self-concept; is the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes
from our group membership.
SOCIAL IDENTITY
“Us”- a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity.
Ingroup
“Them” a group of people perceived as distinctively different from or apart from their group.
Outgroup
Tendency to favor one’s own group.
INGROUP BIAS
Ascribe uniquely human emotions to ingroup members and are more reluctant to see
such human emotions in the outgroup; denying human attributes to outgroups.
INFRAHUMANIZATION
People’s self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more
strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality
Terror management theory
People low and high in prejudice sometimes have similar automatic prejudicial responses
Knee-jerk reactions
To organize the world by clustering objects into groups.
Categorize
Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup
members.
Outgroup homogeneity effect
Tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race. (Also called the cross-race effect or other-race effect)
Own-race bias
Tendency for both children and older adults to more accurately identify faces from their own age groups.
Own-age bias
Differences from others made you more noticeable and the object of more attention.
DISTINCTIVE PEOPLE
Our minds also use distinctive cases as a shortcut to judging groups; more available in memory, seldom represent the larger group.
VIVID CASES
Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one’s own group).
GROUP-SERVING BIAS
Tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
THE JUST-WORLD PHENOMENON
Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule”
SUBTYPING
Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group
SUBGROUPING
Inevitable; guide our attention and our memories; self-perpetuating
PRECONCEIVED JUDGMENTS / PREJUDGMENTS
2 BASIC TYPES OF REACTIONS FOR THE EFFECTS OF VICTIMIZATION ACCORDING TO GORDON ALLPORT:
BLAMING ONESELF
BLAMING EXTERNAL CAUSES
Disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated
based on a negative stereotype.
STEREOTYPE THREAT
Getting people to affirm who they are
VALUES AFFIRMATION
3 WAYS STEREOTYPE THREAT UNDERMINE PERFORMANCE:
STRESS
SELF-MONITORING
SUPPRESSING UNWANTED THOUGHTS AND EMOTIONS
DISRUPT performance
NEGATIVE stereotypes
FACILITATE performance
POSITIVE stereotypes
