Chapter 3 (Midterms) Flashcards
2 Brain Systems
System 1
System 2
Brain system that is intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking
System 1
Brain system that is deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking.
System 2
2 powers of intuition
Automatic processing
Controlled processing
“Implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds
to “intuition.” Also known as
System 1.
Automatic processing
“Explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious. Also known as
System 2.
Controlled processing
Activating particular associations in memory; Experiments show that even without awareness, it can influence another thought, or even an action; first impression
Priming
The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and
social judgments.
Embodied cognition
Samples of automatic processing
Schemas
Emotional reactions
Expertise
Blindsight
Mental concepts/templates that intuitively guide our perceptions and interpretations.
Schemas
Often nearly instantaneous, happens
before deliberate thinking; Thalamus to Amygdala
Emotional reactions
Expert skill in a particular field
Expertise
Ability to detect & respond to visual
stimuli w/o having perceived it.
Blindsight
Automatic processing happens where?
Offscreen
Tendency to be more confident than correct —to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs
Overconfidence phenomenon
- A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
- Appears in System 1
- Helps explain why our self-images are so remarkably stable.
Confirmation bias
When our default reaction is to look for information consistent with our
presupposition.
Snap judgment
Thinking strategy that enables
quick, efficient judgments; simple, efficient
thinking strategies that enable quick, efficient
judgements; enable us to make routine decisions with minimal effort.
Heuristics
The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that
someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling
(representing) a typical member.
Representative heuristic
A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their
availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we
presume it to be commonplace.
Availability heuristic
Vivid, memorable—and therefore cognitively
available—events influence our perception of the social world; often leads people to fear the wrong things
Probability neglect
Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.
- Easily imagined, cognitively available events also influence our experiences of guilt, regret, frustration, and relief.
Counterfactual thinking
Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.
Illusory correlation
The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one’s average
Regression towards the average
Perceiving the other party against their views
Political perception
Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.
Belief perseverance
Incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it
Misinformation effect
Recalling mildly pleasant events more favorably than experienced.
Rosy Retrospection
People whose attitudes have changed often insist that they have always
felt much as they now feel.
Reconstructing our past attitudes
Memory construction enables us to revise our own histories
Reconstructing our past behaviour
Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source.
Misattribution
The theory of how people explain others’ behavior—for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations
Attribution theory
3 techniques for reducing overconfidence bias.
Prompt feedback
Making people think of reasons their judgements might be wrong
Encouraging individuals to consider disconfirming information
We revise the past to suit our present views. Thus, we underreport bad
behavior and overreport good behavior.
Totalitarian Ego
2 types of attribution
Dispositional Attribution
Situational Attribution
Attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits
Dispositional Attribution
Attributing behavior to the environment.
Situational Attribution
We often infer that other people’s actions are indicative of their intentions and dispositions
INFERRING TRAITS
An effortless, automatic interference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior.
Spontaneous Trait Inference
The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences & overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior.
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
Attribution theorists have pointed out that we observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves
PERSPECTIVE & SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
WHY DO WE MAKE THE ATTRIBUTION ERROR?
(2)
PERSPECTIVE & SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Beliefs that lead to its own fulfillment
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECIES
A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.
Behavioral confirmation
