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Social Psychology > Chapter 3 (Midterms) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 (Midterms) Flashcards

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1
Q

2 Brain Systems

A

System 1
System 2

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2
Q

Brain system that is intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking

A

System 1

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3
Q

Brain system that is deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking.

A

System 2

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4
Q

2 powers of intuition

A

Automatic processing
Controlled processing

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5
Q

“Implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds
to “intuition.” Also known as
System 1.

A

Automatic processing

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6
Q

“Explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious. Also known as
System 2.

A

Controlled processing

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7
Q

Activating particular associations in memory; Experiments show that even without awareness, it can influence another thought, or even an action; first impression

A

Priming

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8
Q

The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and
social judgments.

A

Embodied cognition

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9
Q

Samples of automatic processing

A

Schemas
Emotional reactions
Expertise
Blindsight

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10
Q

Mental concepts/templates that intuitively guide our perceptions and interpretations.

A

Schemas

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11
Q

Often nearly instantaneous, happens
before deliberate thinking; Thalamus to Amygdala

A

Emotional reactions

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12
Q

Expert skill in a particular field

A

Expertise

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13
Q

Ability to detect & respond to visual
stimuli w/o having perceived it.

A

Blindsight

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14
Q

Automatic processing happens where?

A

Offscreen

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15
Q

Tendency to be more confident than correct —to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

A

Overconfidence phenomenon

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16
Q
  • A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
  • Appears in System 1
  • Helps explain why our self-images are so remarkably stable.
A

Confirmation bias

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17
Q

When our default reaction is to look for information consistent with our
presupposition.

A

Snap judgment

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18
Q

Thinking strategy that enables
quick, efficient judgments; simple, efficient
thinking strategies that enable quick, efficient
judgements; enable us to make routine decisions with minimal effort.

A

Heuristics

19
Q

The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that
someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling
(representing) a typical member.

A

Representative heuristic

20
Q

A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their
availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we
presume it to be commonplace.

A

Availability heuristic

21
Q

Vivid, memorable—and therefore cognitively
available—events influence our perception of the social world; often leads people to fear the wrong things

A

Probability neglect

22
Q

Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.
- Easily imagined, cognitively available events also influence our experiences of guilt, regret, frustration, and relief.

A

Counterfactual thinking

23
Q

Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.

A

Illusory correlation

24
Q

The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one’s average

A

Regression towards the average

25
Q

Perceiving the other party against their views

A

Political perception

26
Q

Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.

A

Belief perseverance

27
Q

Incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

A

Misinformation effect

28
Q

Recalling mildly pleasant events more favorably than experienced.

A

Rosy Retrospection

29
Q

People whose attitudes have changed often insist that they have always
felt much as they now feel.

A

Reconstructing our past attitudes

30
Q

Memory construction enables us to revise our own histories

A

Reconstructing our past behaviour

31
Q

Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source.

A

Misattribution

32
Q

The theory of how people explain others’ behavior—for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations

A

Attribution theory

33
Q

3 techniques for reducing overconfidence bias.

A

Prompt feedback

Making people think of reasons their judgements might be wrong

Encouraging individuals to consider disconfirming information

34
Q

We revise the past to suit our present views. Thus, we underreport bad
behavior and overreport good behavior.

A

Totalitarian Ego

35
Q

2 types of attribution

A

Dispositional Attribution
Situational Attribution

36
Q

Attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits

A

Dispositional Attribution

37
Q

Attributing behavior to the environment.

A

Situational Attribution

38
Q

We often infer that other people’s actions are indicative of their intentions and dispositions

A

INFERRING TRAITS

39
Q

An effortless, automatic interference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior.

A

Spontaneous Trait Inference

40
Q

The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences & overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior.

A

FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR

41
Q

Attribution theorists have pointed out that we observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves

A

PERSPECTIVE & SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

42
Q

WHY DO WE MAKE THE ATTRIBUTION ERROR?
(2)

A

PERSPECTIVE & SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

43
Q

Beliefs that lead to its own fulfillment

A

SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECIES

44
Q

A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.

A

Behavioral confirmation

Social Psychology (23 decks)

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