Chapter 3 (BAL) Flashcards
2 brain systems
System 1
System 2
Brain system about “Intuition” or “Gut Feeling”; functions automatically and out of our awareness; the intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking
System 1
Brain system which requires conscious attention and effort; deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking.
System 2
Refers to the activation of specific associations or ideas in our memory, often
without conscious awareness; influences how we interpret and respond to various stimuli in our environment.
Priming
Mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social
judgments
Embodied cognition
Process of making quick decisions or assessments based on immediate feelings,
hunches, or gut reactions without relying on conscious reasoning or analysis.
Intuitive judgment
Ability to make quick judgments without conscious reasoning.
Intuition
2 powers of intuition
Automatic processing
Controlled processing
Implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds
to “intuition.”; also known as System 1.
Automatic processing
Mental concepts or templates that intuitively guide our perceptions and interpretations.
Schemas
Often nearly instantaneous, happening before there is time for deliberate thinking.
Emotional reactions
When people make quick, accurate judgments about others based on minimal information
Snap judgments
Explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious; also known as System 2.
Controlled processing
Occurs when individuals with damage to the visual cortex can’t consciously see part of their
visual field but can make accurate guesses about what they “see.
Blindsight
The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s
beliefs
Overconfidence phenomenon
Investment experts can be overconfident in their ability to beat the stock market average,
leading to subpar results.
Stockbroker overconfidence
Historical examples like Hitler, Johnson, and Bush illustrate the consequences of
overconfident decision-making in politics.
Political overconfidence
Students who overestimated their accuracy in memorizing psychology terms did worse on
tests because they stopped studying.
Student overconfidence
3 remedies for overconfidence
Seek Prompt Feedback
Consider Disconfirming Information
Balance Realistic Self-Confidence
Tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions
Confirmation bias
Thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments
Heuristics
The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something
belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member.
REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC
A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory; mental shortcut where people rely on readily available information or examples that
come to mind when making judgments or decisions, often leading to biases.
Availability heuristic
Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.
COUNTERFACTUAL THINKING
Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of
a stronger relationship than actually exists.
Illusory Correlation
Statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme
behavior to return toward their average.
Regression Toward the Average
Persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for
one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives.
Belief Perseverance
Incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of the event
after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it
Misinformation Effect
Recall mildly pleasant events more favorably than they
experienced them
Rosy retrospection
Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source
Misattribution
Theory of how people explain others’ behavior by attributing it to
either internal dispositions or external situations
Attribution Theory
Attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits
Dispositional Attribution
Attributing behavior to the environment
Situational Attribution
Effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to
someone’s behavior
Spontaneous Trait Inference
Tendency for observers to underestimate situational
influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior
Fundamental Attribution Error
We make attribution error b/c we observe others from different perspectives than
ourselves
Perspective and Situational Awareness
Why do we make attributional errors? (?)
Perspective and Situational Awareness
Cultural Differences
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Self-fulfilling Prophecies
Type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social
expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their
expectations.
Behavioral confirmation
