Chapter 2 (Midterms) Flashcards
The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior
than they really are.
Spotlight effect
The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.
Illusion of transparency
6 examples of the interplay between our sense of self and our social worlds.
Spotlight effect
Illusion of transparency
Social surroundings affect our self-awareness.
Self-interest colors our social judgment.
Self-concern motivates our social behavior.
Social relationships help define our sense of self.
Cognitive Component of Self; sum total of an individual belief about his or her personal attributes; what we know and believe about ourselves.
Self-concept
Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.
Self-schema
Evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.
Social comparison
Neuron path located in the cleft between your brain hemispheres just behind your eyes, seemingly helps stitch together your sense of self.
Medial prefrontal cortex
Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future
Possible Self
Refers to how we are regarded and recognized by others.
Social Self
German word for privately taking some
pleasure in a peer’s failure, especially when it happens to someone we envy and when we
don’t feel vulnerable to such misfortune ourselves
Schadenfreude
How we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves.
Looking-glass self
Concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
Individualism
Social psychological term that relates to the manner in which humans identify themselves and prioritize their goals; giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s
extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.
Collectivism
Construing one’s identity in relation to others.
Interdependent Self
Identity is personal, defined by individual traits and goals.
Independent
Personal achievement and fulfillment; my rights and liberties
Me
Identity is Social, defined by connections with others.
Interdependent
Group goals and solidarity; our social responsibilities and relationships.
We
There is one thing, and only one in the whole universe which we know more about than we
could learn from external observation,” noted C. S. Lewis which is?
Ourselves
The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.
Planning fallacy
Difficulty predicting the intensity and duration of future emotions.
Affective forecasting
Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
Impact bias
Human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the psychological immune system; which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen.
Immune neglect
Includes the strategies for rationalizing,
discounting, forgiving, and limiting emotional trauma.
Psychological immune system
Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object.
Dual attitude system
The Affective Component of Self; person’s overall self- evaluation or sense of self-worth.
Self-esteem
Theory linking the perception of discrepancies between a person’s self-concept and various self-guides to specific negative emotional states.
Self-discrepancy theory
Theory which states that self-focused attention leads people to notice self-
discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in
behavior.
Self-awareness theory
2 types of Self – Focusing Persons
Private self
Public self
Personality characteristic of individuals who
are introspective, often attending to their own inner states; tendency to introspect on our inner thoughts and feelings
Private self
Personality characteristic of individuals who
focus on themselves as social objects as seen by others; tendency to be aware of our outer public image.
Public self
2 TYPES OF SELF-ESTEEM:
Lower self-esteem
High self esteem
Individuals are unable to see themselves as capable, sufficient, and worthy and they don’t
believe to their own self; often compare their self to other people and tend to focus on
their weaknesses instead of their own strengths
Lower self-esteem
Individuals who have healthy feelings and believe in themselves also have their own
weaknesses but they are focused on their strengths which really shape who they really are.
High self esteem
Proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including
adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted
with reminders of their mortality.
Terror management theory
Research in which the same people are studied over an extended period of time.
Longitudinal study
It refers to the belief of a person regarding his or her own capacity to affect internal states
and actions, as well as the external environment of an individual.
PERCEIVED SELF-CONTROL
A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one’s
sense of self-worth; refers to an individua’s belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments; the belief that one is effective and competent and can do something.
Self-Efficacy
The tendency to perceive oneself favorably.
Self-serving bias
Extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside
forces.
Locus of control
2 categories of Locus of control:
Internal Locus of control
External Locus of control
Person attributes success to his or her own
efforts and abilities; person who expects to succeed will be more motivated and more likely to learn.
Internal Locus of control
Attributes his or her success to luck or fate, will be less likely to make the effort needed to learn; more likely to experience anxiety since they believe that they are not in control of their lives.
External Locus of control
The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events
Learned helplessness.
A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and
negative outcomes to other factors.
Self-serving attributions
Adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action.
Defensive pessimism
Increases our vulnerability; believing ourselves immune to misfortune, we do not take sensible precautions
Illusory optimism
Viewing things in a more immediate, realistic way often helps.
Ideas from unrealistic optimism
The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.
False consensus effect
The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviors.
False uniqueness effect
Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions
Group-serving bias
The Behavioral Component of Self; strategies people use to shape what others think of them; act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals
SELF-PRESENTATION
Protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.
Self-handicapping
Careful balance of looking good while not looking too good.
Social interaction
Two faces of self-presentation
Strategic self
Self - verification
Presentation consists of our effort to shape others’ impressions in specific ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval.
Strategic self
Desire to have others perceive us as we genuinely perceive ourselves.
Self - verification
2 types of goals
Ingratiation
Self-promotion
Acts that are motivated by the desire to
“get along and be liked”
Ingratiation
Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one’s performance to create the desired impression.
Self-monitoring
