Chapter 2 (Midterms)

Question 1

The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior
than they really are.

Answer 1

Spotlight effect

Question 2

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.

Answer 2

Illusion of transparency

Question 3

6 examples of the interplay between our sense of self and our social worlds.

Answer 3

Spotlight effect
Illusion of transparency
Social surroundings affect our self-awareness.
Self-interest colors our social judgment.
Self-concern motivates our social behavior.
Social relationships help define our sense of self.

Question 4

Cognitive Component of Self; sum total of an individual belief about his or her personal attributes; what we know and believe about ourselves.

Answer 4

Self-concept

Question 5

Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.

Answer 5

Self-schema

Question 6

Evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.

Answer 6

Social comparison

Question 7

Neuron path located in the cleft between your brain hemispheres just behind your eyes, seemingly helps stitch together your sense of self.

Answer 7

Medial prefrontal cortex

Question 8

Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future

Answer 8

Possible Self

Question 9

Refers to how we are regarded and recognized by others.

Answer 9

Social Self

Question 10

German word for privately taking some
pleasure in a peer’s failure, especially when it happens to someone we envy and when we
don’t feel vulnerable to such misfortune ourselves

Answer 10

Schadenfreude

Question 11

How we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves.

Answer 11

Looking-glass self

Question 12

Concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

Answer 12

Individualism

Question 13

Social psychological term that relates to the manner in which humans identify themselves and prioritize their goals; giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s
extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

Answer 13

Collectivism

Question 14

Construing one’s identity in relation to others.

Answer 14

Interdependent Self

Question 15

Identity is personal, defined by individual traits and goals.

Answer 15

Independent

Question 16

Personal achievement and fulfillment; my rights and liberties

Answer 16

Me

Question 17

Identity is Social, defined by connections with others.

Answer 17

Interdependent

Question 18

Group goals and solidarity; our social responsibilities and relationships.

Answer 18

We

Question 19

There is one thing, and only one in the whole universe which we know more about than we
could learn from external observation,” noted C. S. Lewis which is?

Answer 19

Ourselves

Question 20

The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.

Answer 20

Planning fallacy

Question 21

Difficulty predicting the intensity and duration of future emotions.

Answer 21

Affective forecasting

Question 22

Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.

Answer 22

Impact bias

Question 23

Human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the psychological immune system; which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen.

Answer 23

Immune neglect

Question 24

Includes the strategies for rationalizing,
discounting, forgiving, and limiting emotional trauma.

Answer 24

Psychological immune system

Question 25

Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object.

Answer 25

Dual attitude system

Question 26

The Affective Component of Self; person’s overall self- evaluation or sense of self-worth.

Answer 26

Self-esteem

Question 27

Theory linking the perception of discrepancies between a person’s self-concept and various self-guides to specific negative emotional states.

Answer 27

Self-discrepancy theory

Question 28

Theory which states that self-focused attention leads people to notice self-
discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in
behavior.

Answer 28

Self-awareness theory

Question 29

2 types of Self – Focusing Persons

Answer 29

Private self
Public self

Question 30

Personality characteristic of individuals who
are introspective, often attending to their own inner states; tendency to introspect on our inner thoughts and feelings

Answer 30

Private self

Question 31

Personality characteristic of individuals who
focus on themselves as social objects as seen by others; tendency to be aware of our outer public image.

Answer 31

Public self

Question 32

2 TYPES OF SELF-ESTEEM:

Answer 32

Lower self-esteem
High self esteem

Question 33

Individuals are unable to see themselves as capable, sufficient, and worthy and they don’t
believe to their own self; often compare their self to other people and tend to focus on
their weaknesses instead of their own strengths

Answer 33

Lower self-esteem

Question 34

Individuals who have healthy feelings and believe in themselves also have their own
weaknesses but they are focused on their strengths which really shape who they really are.

Answer 34

High self esteem

Question 35

Proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including
adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted
with reminders of their mortality.

Answer 35

Terror management theory

Question 36

Research in which the same people are studied over an extended period of time.

Answer 36

Longitudinal study

Question 37

It refers to the belief of a person regarding his or her own capacity to affect internal states
and actions, as well as the external environment of an individual.

Answer 37

PERCEIVED SELF-CONTROL

Question 38

A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one’s
sense of self-worth; refers to an individua’s belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments; the belief that one is effective and competent and can do something.

Answer 38

Self-Efficacy

Question 39

The tendency to perceive oneself favorably.

Answer 39

Self-serving bias

Question 40

Extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside
forces.

Answer 40

Locus of control

Question 41

2 categories of Locus of control:

Answer 41

Internal Locus of control
External Locus of control

Question 42

Person attributes success to his or her own
efforts and abilities; person who expects to succeed will be more motivated and more likely to learn.

Answer 42

Internal Locus of control

Question 42

Attributes his or her success to luck or fate, will be less likely to make the effort needed to learn; more likely to experience anxiety since they believe that they are not in control of their lives.

Answer 42

External Locus of control

Question 43

The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events

Answer 43

Learned helplessness.

Question 44

A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and
negative outcomes to other factors.

Answer 44

Self-serving attributions

Question 45

Adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action.

Answer 45

Defensive pessimism

Question 46

Increases our vulnerability; believing ourselves immune to misfortune, we do not take sensible precautions

Answer 46

Illusory optimism

Question 47

Viewing things in a more immediate, realistic way often helps.

Answer 47

Ideas from unrealistic optimism

Question 48

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.

Answer 48

False consensus effect

Question 49

The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviors.

Answer 49

False uniqueness effect

Question 50

Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions

Answer 50

Group-serving bias

Question 51

The Behavioral Component of Self; strategies people use to shape what others think of them; act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals

Answer 51

SELF-PRESENTATION

Question 52

Protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.

Answer 52

Self-handicapping

Question 53

Careful balance of looking good while not looking too good.

Answer 53

Social interaction

Question 54

Two faces of self-presentation

Answer 54

Strategic self
Self - verification

Question 55

Presentation consists of our effort to shape others’ impressions in specific ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval.

Answer 55

Strategic self

Question 56

Desire to have others perceive us as we genuinely perceive ourselves.

Answer 56

Self - verification

Question 57

2 types of goals

Answer 57

Ingratiation
Self-promotion

Question 58

Acts that are motivated by the desire to
“get along and be liked”

Answer 58

Ingratiation

Question 59

Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one’s performance to create the desired impression.

Answer 59

Self-monitoring