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social psychology > Chapter 2 (Midterms) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Midterms) Flashcards

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1
Q

The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior
than they really are.

A

Spotlight effect

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2
Q

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.

A

Illusion of transparency

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3
Q

6 examples of the interplay between our sense of self and our social worlds.

A

Spotlight effect
Illusion of transparency
Social surroundings affect our self-awareness.
Self-interest colors our social judgment.
Self-concern motivates our social behavior.
Social relationships help define our sense of self.

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4
Q

Cognitive Component of Self; sum total of an individual belief about his or her personal attributes; what we know and believe about ourselves.

A

Self-concept

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5
Q

Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.

A

Self-schema

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6
Q

Evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.

A

Social comparison

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7
Q

Neuron path located in the cleft between your brain hemispheres just behind your eyes, seemingly helps stitch together your sense of self.

A

Medial prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future

A

Possible Self

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9
Q

Refers to how we are regarded and recognized by others.

A

Social Self

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10
Q

German word for privately taking some
pleasure in a peer’s failure, especially when it happens to someone we envy and when we
don’t feel vulnerable to such misfortune ourselves

A

Schadenfreude

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11
Q

How we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves.

A

Looking-glass self

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12
Q

Concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

A

Individualism

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13
Q

Social psychological term that relates to the manner in which humans identify themselves and prioritize their goals; giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s
extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

A

Collectivism

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14
Q

Construing one’s identity in relation to others.

A

Interdependent Self

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15
Q

Identity is personal, defined by individual traits and goals.

A

Independent

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16
Q

Personal achievement and fulfillment; my rights and liberties

A

Me

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17
Q

Identity is Social, defined by connections with others.

A

Interdependent

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18
Q

Group goals and solidarity; our social responsibilities and relationships.

A

We

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19
Q

There is one thing, and only one in the whole universe which we know more about than we
could learn from external observation,” noted C. S. Lewis which is?

A

Ourselves

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20
Q

The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.

A

Planning fallacy

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21
Q

Difficulty predicting the intensity and duration of future emotions.

A

Affective forecasting

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22
Q

Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.

A

Impact bias

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23
Q

Human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the psychological immune system; which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen.

A

Immune neglect

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24
Q

Includes the strategies for rationalizing,
discounting, forgiving, and limiting emotional trauma.

A

Psychological immune system

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25
Q

Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object.

A

Dual attitude system

26
Q

The Affective Component of Self; person’s overall self- evaluation or sense of self-worth.

A

Self-esteem

27
Q

Theory linking the perception of discrepancies between a person’s self-concept and various self-guides to specific negative emotional states.

A

Self-discrepancy theory

28
Q

Theory which states that self-focused attention leads people to notice self-
discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in
behavior.

A

Self-awareness theory

29
Q

2 types of Self – Focusing Persons

A

Private self
Public self

30
Q

Personality characteristic of individuals who
are introspective, often attending to their own inner states; tendency to introspect on our inner thoughts and feelings

A

Private self

31
Q

Personality characteristic of individuals who
focus on themselves as social objects as seen by others; tendency to be aware of our outer public image.

A

Public self

32
Q

2 TYPES OF SELF-ESTEEM:

A

Lower self-esteem
High self esteem

33
Q

Individuals are unable to see themselves as capable, sufficient, and worthy and they don’t
believe to their own self; often compare their self to other people and tend to focus on
their weaknesses instead of their own strengths

A

Lower self-esteem

34
Q

Individuals who have healthy feelings and believe in themselves also have their own
weaknesses but they are focused on their strengths which really shape who they really are.

A

High self esteem

35
Q

Proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including
adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted
with reminders of their mortality.

A

Terror management theory

36
Q

Research in which the same people are studied over an extended period of time.

A

Longitudinal study

37
Q

It refers to the belief of a person regarding his or her own capacity to affect internal states
and actions, as well as the external environment of an individual.

A

PERCEIVED SELF-CONTROL

38
Q

A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one’s
sense of self-worth; refers to an individua’s belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments; the belief that one is effective and competent and can do something.

A

Self-Efficacy

39
Q

The tendency to perceive oneself favorably.

A

Self-serving bias

40
Q

Extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside
forces.

A

Locus of control

41
Q

2 categories of Locus of control:

A

Internal Locus of control
External Locus of control

42
Q

Person attributes success to his or her own
efforts and abilities; person who expects to succeed will be more motivated and more likely to learn.

A

Internal Locus of control

42
Q

Attributes his or her success to luck or fate, will be less likely to make the effort needed to learn; more likely to experience anxiety since they believe that they are not in control of their lives.

A

External Locus of control

43
Q

The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events

A

Learned helplessness.

44
Q

A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and
negative outcomes to other factors.

A

Self-serving attributions

45
Q

Adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action.

A

Defensive pessimism

46
Q

Increases our vulnerability; believing ourselves immune to misfortune, we do not take sensible precautions

A

Illusory optimism

47
Q

Viewing things in a more immediate, realistic way often helps.

A

Ideas from unrealistic optimism

48
Q

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.

A

False consensus effect

49
Q

The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviors.

A

False uniqueness effect

50
Q

Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions

A

Group-serving bias

51
Q

The Behavioral Component of Self; strategies people use to shape what others think of them; act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals

A

SELF-PRESENTATION

52
Q

Protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.

A

Self-handicapping

53
Q

Careful balance of looking good while not looking too good.

A

Social interaction

54
Q

Two faces of self-presentation

A

Strategic self
Self - verification

55
Q

Presentation consists of our effort to shape others’ impressions in specific ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval.

A

Strategic self

56
Q

Desire to have others perceive us as we genuinely perceive ourselves.

A

Self - verification

57
Q

2 types of goals

A

Ingratiation
Self-promotion

58
Q

Acts that are motivated by the desire to
“get along and be liked”

A

Ingratiation

59
Q

Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one’s performance to create the desired impression.

A

Self-monitoring

59
Q
A

social psychology (23 decks)

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