Chapter 2 Flashcards
The belief that others are paying more attention to one`s appearance and
behavior than they really are.
SPOTLIGHT EFFECT
The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be
easily read by others.
ILLUSION OF TRANSPARENCY
6 examples of the interplay between our sense of self and our social worlds.
SPOTLIGHT EFFECT
ILLUSION OF TRANSPARENCY
Social surroundings affect our self-awareness.
Self-interest colors our social judgment.
Self-concern motivates our social behavior.
Social relationships help define our self.
When we are the only members of our race,
gender, or nationality in a group, we notice how we differ and how others are reacting to our
differences.
Social surroundings affect our self-awareness.
When problems arise in a close relationship such as
marriage, we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves.
Self-interest colors our social judgment
In hopes of making a positive impression, we
agonize about our appearance. We also monitor others’ behavior and expectations and adjust
our behavior accordingly.
Self-concern motivates our social behavior
In our varied relationships, we have varying selves.
Social relationships help define our self.
The sum total of an individual belief about his or her personal attributes; generally thought
of as our individual perceptions of our behavior, abilities, and unique characteristics; the image that we have of ourselves
Self-concept
Most essential aspect of yourself is yourself; the way a person thinks about and views his or her traits, beliefs, and purpose within the world
Sense of self
Neuron path located in the cleft between your brain
hemispheres just behind your eyes, seemingly helps stitch together your sense of self.
Medial prefrontal cortex
The elements of your self-concept, the specific beliefs by which you define yourself; beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
Self schema
Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future; include our visions of the self we dream of becoming—the rich self, the
thin self, the passionately loved and loving self
Possible self
Refers to how we are regarded and recognized by others.
Social self
Evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others; involves people coming to know themselves by
evaluating their own attitudes, abilities, and traits in comparison with others.
Social comparisons
2 kinds of social comparisons.
Upward Social Comparison
Downward Social Comparison
This takes place when we compare ourselves
with those who we believe are better than us.
Upward Social Comparison
This takes place when we compare ourselves
to others who are worse off than us.
Downward Social Comparison
How we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving
ourselves.
Looking-glass self
How we see ourselves shapes our lives and is shaped by
our cultural context.
Self and Culture
The concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals
and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group
identifications.
Individualism
Social psychological term that relates to the manner in which
humans identify themselves and prioritize their goals.
Collectivism
Construing one’s identity in relation to others.
Interdependent self
The identity is Personal, defined by individual traits and goals.
Independent
Personal achievement and fulfillment; my rights and liberties
Me
Identity is Social, defined by connections with others.
Interdependent
Group goals and solidarity; our social responsibilities and relationships.
We
The tendency to underestimate to how long it will take to complete a task.
Planning fallacy
Difficulty predicting the intensity and duration of future emotions.
Affective forecasting
Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
Impact bias
The human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the
“psychological immune system” which enables emotional recovery and resilience
after bad things happen.
Immune neglect
Includes the strategies for rationalizing,
discounting, forgiving, and limiting emotional trauma.
Psychological immune system
Different implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes
toward the same object.
Dual attitude system
The theory linking the perception of discrepancies between a
person’s self-concept and various self-guides to specific negative emotional states.
Self-discrepancy theory
States that self-focused attention leads people to notice
self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a
change in behavior.
Self-awareness theory
2 self-focusing persons
Private self
Public self
Self-consciousness> a personality characteristic of individuals who
are introspective, often attending to their own inner states (the tendency to
introspect on our inner thoughts and feelings)
Private self
Self-consciousness> a personality characteristic of individuals who
focus on themselves as social objects as seen by others (the tendency to be
aware of our outer public image).
Public self
2 types of self esteem
Lower self esteem
High self esteem
Individuals are unable to see themselves as capable, sufficient, and worthy and they don’t
believe to their own self.
Lower self esteem
Individuals who have healthy feelings and believe in themselves also have their own
weaknesses but they are focused on their strengths which really shape who they really are.
High self esteem
Ways to improve your self-esteem.
- Be nice to yourself.
- You do you, stop comparing yourself to others.
- Have an exercise.
- Nobody’s perfect.
- Remember that everyone makes mistakes.
- Focus on what you can change in yourself.
- Do what makes you happy.
- Celebrate the achievements that you have, even if it is small stuff.
- Be a good friend.
10.Surround yourself with a supportive squad.
It refers to the belief of a person regarding his or her own capacity to affect internal states
and actions, as well as the external environment of an individual.
Perceived self-control
It refers to an individual’s belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary
to produce specific performance attainments
Self-efficacy
An individual’s belief system regarding the causes of his or her
experiences and the factors to which that person attributes success or failure.
Locus of control
2 categories of locus of control.
Internal locus of control
External locus of control
The person attributes success to his or her own
efforts and abilities.
Internal locus of control
The person attributes his or her success to luck or fate, will be
less likely to make the effort needed to learn.
External locus of control
Conceptualized as a sort of general or overall feeling of one’s worth or
value; more focused on “being”.
Self-esteem
More focused on “doing”.
Self-efficacy
The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal
perceives no control over repeated bad events.
Learned helplessness
Tendency to perceive oneself favorably.
Self-serving bias
A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute
positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.
Self-serving attributions
The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing
one’s anxiety to motivate effective action.
Defensive pessimism
Increases our vulnerability. Believing ourselves immune to
misfortune, we do not take sensible precautions.
Illusory optimism
Viewing things in a more immediate, realistic way
often helps.
Ideas from idealistic optimism/ Unrealistic optimism
The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s
undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.
False consensus effect
The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s
desirable or successful behaviors.
False uniqueness effect
Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also
attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one’s own group)
Group-serving bias
The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression
or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals
Self presentation
Protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later
failure.
Self-handicapping
A careful balance of looking good while not looking too good.
Social interaction
2 faces of self-presentation
Strategic self
Self verification
Presentation consists of our effort to shape others’ impressions in specific
ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval.
Strategic self
The desire to have others perceive us as we genuinely perceive
ourselves.
Self verification
The tendency to change behavior in response to the self-presentation
concern of the situation (the tendency to regulate our behavior to meet the demand of social
situation).
Self-monitoring
