Chapter 9

Question 1

Preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members.

Answer 1

Prejudice

Question 2

Belief about the personal attributes of a group of people; sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate).

Answer 2

Stereotype

Question 3

Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members.

Answer 3

Discrimination

Question 4

Institutional practices that discriminate, even when there is no prejudicial intent.

Answer 4

Racism & Sexism

Question 5

What you know without knowing that you know; it does so by measuring people’s speed of association.

Answer 5

“Implicit cognition”

Question 6

May change dramatically with education.

Answer 6

Explicit attitudes

Question 7

May linger, changing only as we form new habits through practice.

Answer 7

Implicit attitudes

Question 8

Most people support racial equality and deplore discrimination.

Answer 8

Subtle Racial Prejudice

Question 9

Unconscious associations may only indicate
cultural assumptions, perhaps without prejudice (which involves negative feelings
and action tendencies).

Answer 9

Automatic Racial Prejudice

Question 10

Men and women agree that you can judge the book by its sexual cover.

Answer 10

Gender Stereotypes

Question 11

Judging from what people tell survey
researchers, attitudes toward women have changed as rapidly as racial attitudes.

Answer 11

Sexism: Benevolent & Hostile

Question 12

Being male isn’t all roses; compared to women, men are three times more likely to commit suicide and be murdered; such tendencies are especially likely among men who objectify women by implicitly associating
them with animals or objects.

Answer 12

Gender discrimination

Question 13

“Most of the world’s gay and lesbian people cannot comfortably disclose who they are and whom they love.”

Answer 13

GAY-LESBIAN PREJUDICE

Question 14

“Unequal status breeds prejudice.”; prejudice helps justify the economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power.

Answer 14

Social Inequalities

Question 15

Motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups.

Answer 15

Social dominance orientation

Question 16

Prejudice springs from unequal status and from other social sources, including our acquired values and attitudes.

Answer 16

Socialization

Question 17

Personality that is disposed to favor
obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status.

Answer 17

Authoritarian Personality

Question 18

Believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups.

Answer 18

Ethnocentric

Question 19

Consider those who benefit from social
inequalities while avowing that “all are created equal.”

Answer 19

Religion and Racial Prejudice

Question 20

Considering three possibilities: between two variables—religion and prejudice: (3)

Answer 20

No causal connection
Prejudice causes religion
Religion causes prejudice

Question 21

People with less education are both more
fundamentalist and more prejudiced.

Answer 21

No causal connection

Question 22

By leading some people to create religious
ideas to support their prejudices; people who feel hatred may use religion, even God, to justify their contempt for the other.

Answer 22

Prejudice causes religion

Question 23

Such as by leading people to believe that
because all individuals possess free will, impoverished minorities have themselves to blame for their status, and gays and lesbians chose their orientation.

Answer 23

Religion causes prejudice

Question 24

If prejudice is socially accepted, many people will follow the path of least resistance and conform to the fashion; they will act not so
much out of a need to hate as out of a need to be liked and accepted.

Answer 24

Conformity

Question 25

Social institutions (schools, government, media, families) may bolster prejudice through overt policies such as segregation,
or by passively reinforcing the status quo.

Answer 25

Institutional Supports

Question 26

Pain and frustration (from the blocking of a goal) feed hostility; this phenomenon of
“displaced aggression” contributed to the lynchings of African Americans in the South after the Civil War.

Answer 26

The Scapegoat Theory

Question 27

Theory that prejudice arises from
competition between groups for scarce resources.

Answer 27

Realistic group conflict theory

Question 28

Turner and Tajfel observed that: (3)

Answer 28

We categorize
We identify
We compare

Question 29

Those from our group, those who look like us, even those who sound like us—with accents
like our own—we instantly tend to like.

Answer 29

Social Identity Theory

Question 30

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships.

Answer 30

Social identity

Question 31

“Us”—a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity.

Answer 31

Ingroup

Question 32

“Them”—a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup.

Answer 32

Outgroup

Question 33

The tendency to favor one’s own group.

Answer 33

INGROUP BIAS

Question 34

There is a long history of denying human attributes to outgroups.

Answer 34

“Infrahumanization”

Question 35

People’s self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality.

Answer 35

Terror Management

Question 36

Refers to the immediate, automatic, and often
unthinking application of a stereotype to a person or group of people.

Answer 36

Knee-jerk stereotype

Question 37

To organize the world by clustering objects into groups.

Answer 37

Categorize

Question 38

Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup
members; thus “they are alike; we are diverse.”

Answer 38

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 39

Tendency for people to more accurately
recognize faces of their own race.

Answer 39

Own-race bias

Question 40

Your difference from the others probably made you more noticeable and the object of more attention; qualities can be physical, behavioral, or psychological.

Answer 40

Distinctive People

Question 41

Refers to people’s perceptions of how they
believe others perceive them based on their group identity.

Answer 41

Meta-stereotypes

Question 42

Person’s expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination.

Answer 42

Stigma Consciousness

Question 43

Refer to situations in which individuals or people stand out in a particularly noticeable or striking way.

Answer 43

Vivid Cases

Question 44

Correlation between group membership
and individuals’ presumed characteristics.

Answer 44

Illusory Correlations

Question 45

Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions.

Answer 45

Group-Serving Bias

Question 46

Tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Answer 46

A Just-World Phenomenon

Question 47

Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule.”

Answer 47

Subtyping

Question 48

Accommodating individuals who deviates from one’s stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the
group.

Answer 48

Subgrouping

Question 49

2 basic types of victimization

Answer 49

Blaming oneself
Blaming external causes

Question 50

(e.g., withdrawal, self-hate, aggression against one’s own group)

Answer 50

Blaming oneself

Question 51

(e.g., fighting back, suspiciousness, increased group pride).

Answer 51

Blaming external causes

Question 52

Disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

Answer 52

STEREOTYPE THREAT