Chapter 9 Flashcards
Preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members.
Prejudice
Belief about the personal attributes of a group of people; sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate).
Stereotype
Unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members.
Discrimination
Institutional practices that discriminate, even when there is no prejudicial intent.
Racism & Sexism
What you know without knowing that you know; it does so by measuring people’s speed of association.
“Implicit cognition”
May change dramatically with education.
Explicit attitudes
May linger, changing only as we form new habits through practice.
Implicit attitudes
Most people support racial equality and deplore discrimination.
Subtle Racial Prejudice
Unconscious associations may only indicate
cultural assumptions, perhaps without prejudice (which involves negative feelings
and action tendencies).
Automatic Racial Prejudice
Men and women agree that you can judge the book by its sexual cover.
Gender Stereotypes
Judging from what people tell survey
researchers, attitudes toward women have changed as rapidly as racial attitudes.
Sexism: Benevolent & Hostile
Being male isn’t all roses; compared to women, men are three times more likely to commit suicide and be murdered; such tendencies are especially likely among men who objectify women by implicitly associating
them with animals or objects.
Gender discrimination
“Most of the world’s gay and lesbian people cannot comfortably disclose who they are and whom they love.”
GAY-LESBIAN PREJUDICE
“Unequal status breeds prejudice.”; prejudice helps justify the economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power.
Social Inequalities
Motivation to have one’s group dominate other social groups.
Social dominance orientation
Prejudice springs from unequal status and from other social sources, including our acquired values and attitudes.
Socialization
Personality that is disposed to favor
obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status.
Authoritarian Personality
Believing in the superiority of one’s own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups.
Ethnocentric
Consider those who benefit from social
inequalities while avowing that “all are created equal.”
Religion and Racial Prejudice
Considering three possibilities: between two variables—religion and prejudice: (3)
No causal connection
Prejudice causes religion
Religion causes prejudice
People with less education are both more
fundamentalist and more prejudiced.
No causal connection
By leading some people to create religious
ideas to support their prejudices; people who feel hatred may use religion, even God, to justify their contempt for the other.
Prejudice causes religion
Such as by leading people to believe that
because all individuals possess free will, impoverished minorities have themselves to blame for their status, and gays and lesbians chose their orientation.
Religion causes prejudice
If prejudice is socially accepted, many people will follow the path of least resistance and conform to the fashion; they will act not so
much out of a need to hate as out of a need to be liked and accepted.
Conformity
Social institutions (schools, government, media, families) may bolster prejudice through overt policies such as segregation,
or by passively reinforcing the status quo.
Institutional Supports
Pain and frustration (from the blocking of a goal) feed hostility; this phenomenon of
“displaced aggression” contributed to the lynchings of African Americans in the South after the Civil War.
The Scapegoat Theory
Theory that prejudice arises from
competition between groups for scarce resources.
Realistic group conflict theory
Turner and Tajfel observed that: (3)
We categorize
We identify
We compare
Those from our group, those who look like us, even those who sound like us—with accents
like our own—we instantly tend to like.
Social Identity Theory
The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships.
Social identity
“Us”—a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity.
Ingroup
“Them”—a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup.
Outgroup
The tendency to favor one’s own group.
INGROUP BIAS
There is a long history of denying human attributes to outgroups.
“Infrahumanization”
People’s self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality.
Terror Management
Refers to the immediate, automatic, and often
unthinking application of a stereotype to a person or group of people.
Knee-jerk stereotype
To organize the world by clustering objects into groups.
Categorize
Perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than are ingroup
members; thus “they are alike; we are diverse.”
Outgroup homogeneity effect
Tendency for people to more accurately
recognize faces of their own race.
Own-race bias
Your difference from the others probably made you more noticeable and the object of more attention; qualities can be physical, behavioral, or psychological.
Distinctive People
Refers to people’s perceptions of how they
believe others perceive them based on their group identity.
Meta-stereotypes
Person’s expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination.
Stigma Consciousness
Refer to situations in which individuals or people stand out in a particularly noticeable or striking way.
Vivid Cases
Correlation between group membership
and individuals’ presumed characteristics.
Illusory Correlations
Explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions.
Group-Serving Bias
Tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
A Just-World Phenomenon
Accommodating individuals who deviate from one’s stereotype by thinking of them as “exceptions to the rule.”
Subtyping
Accommodating individuals who deviates from one’s stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the
group.
Subgrouping
2 basic types of victimization
Blaming oneself
Blaming external causes
(e.g., withdrawal, self-hate, aggression against one’s own group)
Blaming oneself
(e.g., fighting back, suspiciousness, increased group pride).
Blaming external causes
Disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
STEREOTYPE THREAT
