Chapter 1 (Midterms) Flashcards
Scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another; science that studies the influences of our situations, with special attention to how we view and affect one another.
Social Psychology
When did social psychology assume its current form?
1930
Big ideas in social psychology (social thinking) (3)
1.We construct our social
reality
2.Our social intuitions are
powerful, sometimes perilous
3.Attitudes shape, and are
shaped by, behavior
Big ideas in social psychology (social influences) (2)
4.Social influences shape
behavior
5.Dispositions shape
behavior
Big ideas in social psychology (social relations) (2)
- Social behavior is also
biological behavior - Feelings and actions toward
people are sometimes
negative (prejudiced,
aggressive) and sometimes
positive (helpful, loving)
Social psychologist Hazel Markus (2005) sums it up:
“People are, above all, malleable.”
People’s personal convictions about what is desirable and how people ought to behave
Values
The enduring behaviors, ideas,
attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
Culture
A society’s widely held ideas and values, including assumptions and cultural
ideologies; help us make sense of our world.
Social representations
4 examples of value judgments
DEFINING THE GOOD LIFE
PROFESSIONAL ADVICE
FORMING CONCEPTS
LABELING
The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how
something turned out; also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.
Hindsight bias
An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.
Theory
A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.
Hypothesis
Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory.
Field research
The study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables.
Correlational research
Studies that seek clues to cause–effect relationships by manipulating one or more
factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant).
Experimental research
When two variables correlate, any combination of three explanations is possible. Either one may cause the other, or both may be affected by an underlying “third factor.”
Correlation and Causations
Survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal
chance of inclusion.
Random sampling
4 potentially biasing influences:
Unrepresentative samples
Question order
Response options
Question wording
The way a question or an issue is posed; can influence people’s decisions and
expressed opinions.
Framing
The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all
persons have the same chance of being in a given condition.
Random assignment
The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates.
Independent variable
The variable being measured,
so called because it may depend on manipulations of the other variable.
Dependent variable
Repeating a research study, often with different participants in different settings, to
determine whether a finding could be reproduced.
Replication
Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations.
Mundane realism
Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants.
Experimental realism
In research, an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study’s
methods and purposes.
Deception
Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected.
Demand characteristics
An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to
choose whether they wish to participate.
Informed consent
In social psychology, the
postexperimental explanation of
a study to its participants; usually discloses any deception and often queries participants regarding their understandings and feelings.
Debriefing
Father of Modern Social Psychology
Gordon Allport
What is Social Psychology?
1) SCIENCE
2) FOCUSES ON THE THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, & BEHAVIORS OF
INDIVIDUALS
3) FOCUS ON INDIVIDUAL
4) INFLUENCED BY OTHER HUMAN BEINGS
These are the fundamental Principles; great ideas we ought never to forget in SP
THE SP BIG IDEAS
Thinking, memory, and attitudes all operate on two levels—one conscious and deliberate, the other unconscious and automatic.
Dual processing
AFfect how we feel and act.
Stress hormones
Elevates blood pressure.
Social ostracism
Strengthens the disease-fighting immune system.
Social support
2 types of research.
Laboratory research
Field research
Type of research that has a controlled situation
Laboratory research
Type of research about everyday situation
Field research
2 methods of research
Correlational
Experimental
