Chapter 8 Flashcards
Composed of two (2) or more individuals; interact and Influence each other; term themselves as “ US “
Group
3 Effects of Other’s Mere Presence to
an individual.
• Social Facilitation
• Social Loafing
• Deindividuation
3 Examples of Social Influence in
Interacting Groups.
• Group Polarization
• Group Think
• Minority Influence
Tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present; strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others.
Social Facilitation
Enhances whatever response
tendency is dominant.
Arousal
Co-participants working
individually on a noncompetitive activity.
Co-actors
Action that is most likely to occur in a situation.
Dominant Response
- presence of many others.
- also causes arousal.
- facilitates dominant responses.
Crowding
3 FACTORS THAT CREATES AROUSAL
Evaluation Apprehension
Distraction
Mere Presence
A factor that creates arousal about concern for how others are evaluating us.
Evaluation Apprehension
A factor that creates arousal about conflict between paying attention to
others and concentrating on the task
Distraction
A factor that creates arousal about how the presence of others can be arousing even when we are not evaluated or distracted.
Mere Presence
Tendency for people to exert less
effort toward a common goal than
when they are individually accountable.
Social Loafing
People who benefit from the group but give little in return.
FREE RIDERS
Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.
Deindividuation
A group has the power not only to
arouse its members but also to render them unidentifiable.
Group Size
Being anonymous makes one less
self-conscious, more group-conscious, and more responsive to cues present in the situation, whether negative or positive.
Anonymity
Aggressive outbursts by large groups
are often preceded by minor actions
that arouse and divert people’s attention.
Arousing and Distracting Activities
A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself; makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions; Opposite of deindividuation
Self-awareness
Group-produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members’ average tendency, not a split within
the group.
Group Polarization
Tendency for people in groups to take greater risks than individuals would; belief that is that the shared risk
makes each person’s individual risk seem less hazardous.
Risky Shift
Occurs when something is first categorized and then aspects of it are matched to the stereotypes of that
category.
Accentuation effect
Evaluating one’s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others.
social comparison
Group discussion elicits a pooling of ideas, most of which favor the dominant viewpoint.
INFORMATIONAL INFLUENCE
False impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding
Pluralistic ignorance
It is a phenomenon where people tend to confirm group decisions to avoid feeling outcast, leading to errors in
decision-making.
Groupthink
Give 3 SYMPTOMS OF GROUPTHINK
Rationalization
Self-censorship
Mindguards
Symptom of groupthink which lead members of the group to be overly optimistic and engage in risk-taking
An Illusions Of Invulnerability
Symptom of groupthink which lead members to ignore possible moral problems and ignore consequences of individual and group actions
Unquestioned belief in the group’s morality
Symptom of groupthink which prevents members from reconsidering their beliefs and causes them to ignore warning signs.
Rationalization
Symptom of groupthink which lead members of the in-group to ignore or even demonize out-group members who may oppose or challenge the group ideas.
Stereotyped view of opponent
Symptom of groupthink which causes people who might have doubts to hide problematic information from the group.
Self-censorship
Symptom of groupthink which act as self-appointed censors to hide problematic information from the group.
Mindguards
Symptom of groupthink which lead members to believe that everyone is in agreement and feels the same way
Illusions of unanimity
Symptom of groupthink where group members rebuffed those who raised doubts about the group’s assumptions and plans, at times by personal sarcasm.
Conformity pressure
PREVENTING GROUPTHINK (give 2)
Be impartial
Encourage critical evaluation
Combine group and solitary
brainstorming; Have group members interact by writing; Incorporate electronic brainstorming
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
The individual or smaller group influences the larger group
Minority Influence
Minority slowness effect
Consistency
Portrayed by consistency and persistence
Self-confidence
Minority person who defects from the majority is more persuasive than a consistent minority voice.
Defections from the majority
Process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group.
Leadership
Types of leadership
Task leadership
Social leadership
Transformational leadership
Organizes work, sets standards and focuses on goals
Task Leadership
Builds teamwork, mediates conflict and offers support
Social Leadership
Enabled by a leader’s vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence.
Transformational leadership
