Chapter 4 (Midterms)

Question 1

Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays, First Series, 1841

Answer 1

“The ancestor of every action is a thought”

Question 2

Beliefs and feelings related to a person or an event

Answer 2

Attitude

Question 3

A computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes; uses reaction times to measure
people’s automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words.

Answer 3

Implicit association test (IAT)

Question 4

ABCs of attitude

Answer 4

Affect (feelings)
Behavior tendency
Cognition (thoughts)

Question 5

Attitudes will predict our behaviour if? (3)

Answer 5

If these “other influences” are minimized

If the attitude corresponds very closely to the predicted behavior

If the attitude is potent

Question 6

A theory of how one’s (a) attitudes, (b) perceived social norms,
and (c) feelings of control together determine one’s intentions, which
guide behavior; knowing people’s intended behaviors and their
perceived self-efficacy and control.

Answer 6

Theory of planned behaviour

Question 7

Enacting a role that shapes our attitudes; when we act like those around us, we slightly change our former selves into being more like them.

Answer 7

Role playing

Question 8

A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave; refers to actions expected of those who occupy a particular social position

Answer 8

Role

Question 9

A product of both the individual person and the situation

Answer 9

Behaviour

Question 10

When does our behaviour affect our attitude? (4)

Answer 10

Role playing
Saying become believing
Evil and Moral Acts
Social movements

Question 11

People often adapt what they say to please their listeners. They are quicker to tell
people good news than bad, and they adjust their message toward their listener’s
views

Answer 11

Saying becomes believing

Question 12

The attitudes-follow-behavior principle also works with immoral acts

Answer 12

Evil and Moral Acts

Question 13

Actions also affect our moral attitudes: That which we have done, even if it is evil,
we tend to justify as right

Answer 13

Social movements

Question 14

3 possible sources as to why action affects attitude

Answer 14

Self-presentation theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
Self-perception theory

Question 15

Assumes that for strategic reasons we express attitudes that make us appear consistent.

Answer 15

Self-presentation theory

Question 16

Assumes that to reduce discomfort, we justify
our actions to ourselves.

Answer 16

Cognitive dissonance theory

Question 17

Assumes that our actions are self-revealing: when uncertain about our feelings or
beliefs, we look to our behavior, much as anyone else would.

Answer 17

Self-perception theory

Question 18

Theory about how we see making a good impression as a way to gain social and material rewards, to feel better about ourselves, even to become more secure in our social identities

Answer 18

Self-Presentation: Impression Management

Question 19

Theory which assumes that we feel tension when two of our thoughts or beliefs are inconsistent; explains this attitude change by assuming that we feel tension after acting contrary to our attitudes or making difficult decisions.

Answer 19

Self-Justification: Cognitive Dissonance

Question 20

The tendency to seek information and media that agree with one’s views and to avoid dissonant information.

Answer 20

Selective exposure

Question 21

People would experience more discomfort (dissonance) and thus be more motivated to believe in what they had done.

Answer 21

Insufficient justification

Question 22

The theory that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them much as would someone observing us—by looking at our
behavior and the circumstances under which it occurs.

Answer 22

Self-perception theory

Question 23

The tendency of facial expressions to trigger
corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

Answer 23

Facial feedback effect

Question 24

Rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them to attribute their action to the reward.

Answer 24

Overjustification effect

Question 25

Theory that (a) people often experience a self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behavior; and (b) they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self.

Answer 25

Self-affirmation theory

Question 26

According to the theory of planned behavior, what together determine one’s intentions, which guide behavior?

Answer 26

Attitudes
Perceived social norms
Feelings of control

Question 27

Our attitudes become potent if we think about them

Answer 27

Bringing attitudes to mind

Question 28

When this is done, attitude becomes more accessible, more enduring, and more likely to guide actions

Answer 28

Forging strong attitudes through experience