Chapter 9 Flashcards
Different terms for a joint?
Articulation or arthrosis
What is a joint?
Point of contact between two bones, bone and cartilage, or bone and teeth
What is the scientific study of joints called?
Arthrology
What’s the study of motion of the human body called?
Kinesiology
What are the three structural classifications of a joint?
- Fibrous joints
- Cartilaginous joints
- Synovial joints
What are the three functional classifications of joints?
- Synarthrosis
- AmphiarthrosiS
- Diarthrosis
Fibrous joints
No synovial cavity
Bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue that’s rich in collagen fibers
Cartilaginous joints
No synovial cavity
Bones held together by cartilage
Synovial joint
Synovial cavity
United by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments
Synarthrosis
Immovable joint
Ampihiarthrosis
Slightly moveable joint
Diarthrosis
Freely moveable joint
Synovial joint
Variety of shapes and permit several different types of movements
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
sutures, syndesmoses, and interosseous membranes
Suture
Fibrous joint
Only between skull bones
Immovable in adults or slightly moveable in infants
Synostosis
A suture that is replaced by bone in an adult resulting in a complete fusion of two separate bones into one
Syndesmosis
Fibrous joint
Greater distance between articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture
Dense irregular connective tissue arranged in a bundle, allowing the joint limited movement
Interosseous membranes
Substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue defines neighbouring long bones and permit slight movement
What are the two principal interosseous membrane joints in the body and what are there use?
Between the radius and the ulna in the forearm and the tibia and fibula in the leg
help to hold adjacent long bones together
play an important role in defining range of motion
provide an increased attachment service for muscles that produce movement of the digits
What are the three types of cartilaginous joint?
- Synchodroses
- Symphyses
- Epiphyseal
Synchondrosis
Cartilaginous joint
connecting material is hyaline cartilage
slightly moveable to immoveable
Symphyses
Cartilaginous joint
ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and a flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
all symphyses occur in the midline of the body
slightly moveable
Epiphyseal cartilages
Hyaline cartilage growth centres during endochondral bone formation. not joints associated with movement immovable joint
for example the epiphyseal growth plate
What are the unique characteristics of a synovial joint?
A synovial cavity and articular cartilage
Synovial cavity
A space between articulating bones allows considerable movement in the joint which classifies them is freely moveable
Articular cartilage
A layer of hyaline cartilage covering bones at the synovial joint
cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of bones with a smooth slippery surface but does not bind them together
reducing friction during movement to help absorb shock
Articular capsule
Sleeve like joint capsule surrounds a synovial joint
encloses the synovial cavity Unites articulating bones
composed of two layers outer fibrous membrane inner synovial membrane
Fibrous membrane of the articular capsule
Consist of dense irregular connective tissue that attaches to the Periosteum of the articulating bones allows considerable movement at a joint and prevents bones from dislocating
some fibres arranged in bundles of dense regular connective tissue called ligaments Is one of the principal mechanical factors that holds bones close together
Synovial membrane in articular capsule
Composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibres accumulations of adipose tissue called articular fat pads such as in the knee
Synovial fluid
viscous, clear or yellow fluid consisting of hyaluronic acid secreted by synovial cells in the synovial membrane
interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma forms a thin film over the surfaces within the articular capsule function: reducing friction, absorbing shock, supplying oxygen and nutrients, removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the chondrocytes within the articular cartilage
contain phagocytotic cells that remove microbes and debris from the joint
Accessory ligaments
Intracapsular ligaments and extra capsular ligaments
Articular disc’s
Depict the lateral and medial meniscus in the knee joint
Which bind strongly to the inside of the fibrous membrane and usually subdivide the synovial cavity into two spaces
functions include
1. shock absorption
2. better fit between articulating boney surfaces
3. providing adaptable surfaces for combine movements
4. weight distribution over a greater contact surface
5. distribution of synovial lubricant across the articular surfaces of the joint
Labrum
Prominent in the ball and socket joints of the shoulder and hip is the fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge of the joint socket helps to deepin the joint socket and increases the area of contact between the socket and the ball-like surface of the head of the humerus or femur
Blood and nerve supply in synovial joints?
Many of the components of synovial joints are avascular
arteries in the vicinity send out numerous branches that penetrate the ligaments and articular capsule to deliver oxygen and nutrients the chondrocytes in the articular cartilage of a synovial joint receive oxygen and nutrients from synovial fluid derived from blood
Bursae
Saclike structures strategically situated to alleviate friction in some joints such as shoulder and knee joints
Tendon sheaths
Tube like bursae, Rap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction as they pass through tunnels formed by connective tissue and bone
Lateral flexion
Occurs along the frontal plane and involve the intravertebral joints
Hyperextension
Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
Flexion
There is a decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Extension
Increase in the angle between articulating bones
What are the types of movements that can occur at synovial joints?
- Gliding
- Angular movement
- Rotation
- Special movements
Gliding
Nearly flat bone services move side to side and back-and-forth
no significant alteration of the angle between the bones
Limited range but can be combined with rotation
What are angular movements and the types?
Increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Lateral flexion
4. Hyper extension
5. Abduction
6. Adduction
7. Circumduction
Abduction
The movement of a bone away from the midline
Adduction
The movement of a bone toward the midline
Circumduction
Movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle
Rotation
A bone revolves around it on longitudinal axis
Medial (internal) rotation
A movement where the anterior surface of a bone of the limb is turned towards the midline
Lateral (external) rotation
If the anterior surface of the bone of the limb is turned away from the midline
Special movements
- Elevation
- Depression
- Protraction
- Retraction
- Inversion
- Eversion
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantar flexion
- Supination
- Pronation
- Opposition
Protraction
Is a movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane
Retraction
The movement of a protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position
Inversion
Is the movement of the sole medially at the intertarsal joints
Dorsiflexion
Refers to the bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint in the direction of the dorsum
Plantar flexion
Involves bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the planter or inferior surface
Supination
Is the movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palmers turned anteriorly
Pronation
Is a movement of the forearm of the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna in the palm is turned posteriorly
Opposition
Is the movement of the thumb of the carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of your fingers on the same hand
What are the six types of synovial joints?
- Plane
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Condyloid
- Saddle
- Ball- and- socket
Plane joints
Also called plantar joints
flat slightly curved
biaxial if they rotate as well they are triaxial
back-and-forth or side to side movement between flat surfaces of bones but can also rotate against one another
Hinge joints
The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone
produce an angular opening and closing motion like a hinge door uniaxial because they allow motion around a single access
permit only flexion and extension
Pivot joints
Rounded or appointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
uniaxial because it allows rotation only around it on longitudinal axis
Condyloid joints
The convex oval shape projection of one bone fits into the oval shape depression of another bone
Biaxial because the movement it permits is around two axes plus limited circumduction
Saddle joints
articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the saddle as a sitting rider would sit
the movements of a saddle joint are the same as a condyloid joint biaxial plus limited circumduction
Ball-and-socket joints
Consists of the ball like surface of one bone fitting into a cup like depression of another bone
Triaxial permitting movements around the three axes
Tempo to mandibular joint (TMJ)
Combined hinge and plane joint formed by the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone
the only freely moveable joint between the skull bones
Only the mandible moves
Shoulder joint
Ball and socket, head of humerus and glue pod cavity
Anatomical components of shoulder joint?
- Articular capsule
- Coracohumeral ligament
- Glenhumeral ligaments
- Transverse humeral ligament
- Glenoid labrum
- Bursae
Movements of shoulder joint
Allows flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and Circumduction of arm. Ligaments of shoulder strengthen it some but most strength comes from surrounding muscle especially rotator cuff muscle
Elbow joint
I hinge joint formed by the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus the trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius
Elbow joint anatomical components
- Articular capsule
- Ulnar collateral ligament
- Radial collateral ligament
- Annular ligament of the radius
Elbow joint movements
Flexion and extension
Hip joint
Ball and socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the Acetabulum of the hip bone
Anatomical components of the hip joint
Articular capsule
Ligament of the head of the femur
Movements of the hip joint
Flexion, extension, abduction, ad duction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, and Circumduction of the thigh
Knee joint
Modified hinge joint that consists of three joints within a single synovial cavity two tibiofemoral joint and one patellofemoral joint
Anatomical components of knee joint
- Articular capsule
- Medial and lateral patellar retinacula
- Patellar ligament
- Tibial collateral ligament
- Fibulae collateral ligament
- Intracapsular ligament
- Anterior crucial ligament (ACL)
- Posterior crucial ligament (PCL)
- Articular disc (menisci)
- Medial meniscus
- Lateral meniscus
- Bursae of the knee
Movements of the knee joint
Flexion, extension, slight medial rotation, lateral rotation of the leg in the flexed position
