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BIOL 235 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Different terms for a joint?

A

Articulation or arthrosis

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2
Q

What is a joint?

A

Point of contact between two bones, bone and cartilage, or bone and teeth

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3
Q

What is the scientific study of joints called?

A

Arthrology

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4
Q

What’s the study of motion of the human body called?

A

Kinesiology

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5
Q

What are the three structural classifications of a joint?

A
  1. Fibrous joints
  2. Cartilaginous joints
  3. Synovial joints
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6
Q

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

A
  1. Synarthrosis
  2. AmphiarthrosiS
  3. Diarthrosis
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7
Q

Fibrous joints

A

No synovial cavity
Bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue that’s rich in collagen fibers

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8
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

No synovial cavity
Bones held together by cartilage

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9
Q

Synovial joint

A

Synovial cavity
United by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments

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10
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable joint

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11
Q

Ampihiarthrosis

A

Slightly moveable joint

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12
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely moveable joint
Synovial joint
Variety of shapes and permit several different types of movements

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13
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A

sutures, syndesmoses, and interosseous membranes

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14
Q

Suture

A

Fibrous joint
Only between skull bones
Immovable in adults or slightly moveable in infants

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15
Q

Synostosis

A

A suture that is replaced by bone in an adult resulting in a complete fusion of two separate bones into one

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16
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Fibrous joint
Greater distance between articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture
Dense irregular connective tissue arranged in a bundle, allowing the joint limited movement

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17
Q

Interosseous membranes

A

Substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue defines neighbouring long bones and permit slight movement

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18
Q

What are the two principal interosseous membrane joints in the body and what are there use?

A

Between the radius and the ulna in the forearm and the tibia and fibula in the leg
help to hold adjacent long bones together
play an important role in defining range of motion
provide an increased attachment service for muscles that produce movement of the digits

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19
Q

What are the three types of cartilaginous joint?

A
  1. Synchodroses
  2. Symphyses
  3. Epiphyseal
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20
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Cartilaginous joint
connecting material is hyaline cartilage
slightly moveable to immoveable

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21
Q

Symphyses

A

Cartilaginous joint
ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and a flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
all symphyses occur in the midline of the body
slightly moveable

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22
Q

Epiphyseal cartilages

A

Hyaline cartilage growth centres during endochondral bone formation. not joints associated with movement immovable joint
for example the epiphyseal growth plate

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23
Q

What are the unique characteristics of a synovial joint?

A

A synovial cavity and articular cartilage

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24
Q

Synovial cavity

A

A space between articulating bones allows considerable movement in the joint which classifies them is freely moveable

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25
Q

Articular cartilage

A

A layer of hyaline cartilage covering bones at the synovial joint
cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of bones with a smooth slippery surface but does not bind them together
reducing friction during movement to help absorb shock

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26
Q

Articular capsule

A

Sleeve like joint capsule surrounds a synovial joint
encloses the synovial cavity Unites articulating bones
composed of two layers outer fibrous membrane inner synovial membrane

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27
Q

Fibrous membrane of the articular capsule

A

Consist of dense irregular connective tissue that attaches to the Periosteum of the articulating bones allows considerable movement at a joint and prevents bones from dislocating
some fibres arranged in bundles of dense regular connective tissue called ligaments Is one of the principal mechanical factors that holds bones close together

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28
Q

Synovial membrane in articular capsule

A

Composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibres accumulations of adipose tissue called articular fat pads such as in the knee

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29
Q

Synovial fluid

A

viscous, clear or yellow fluid consisting of hyaluronic acid secreted by synovial cells in the synovial membrane
interstitial fluid filtered from blood plasma forms a thin film over the surfaces within the articular capsule function: reducing friction, absorbing shock, supplying oxygen and nutrients, removing carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the chondrocytes within the articular cartilage
contain phagocytotic cells that remove microbes and debris from the joint

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30
Q

Accessory ligaments

A

Intracapsular ligaments and extra capsular ligaments

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31
Q

Articular disc’s

A

Depict the lateral and medial meniscus in the knee joint
Which bind strongly to the inside of the fibrous membrane and usually subdivide the synovial cavity into two spaces
functions include
1. shock absorption
2. better fit between articulating boney surfaces
3. providing adaptable surfaces for combine movements
4. weight distribution over a greater contact surface
5. distribution of synovial lubricant across the articular surfaces of the joint

32
Q

Labrum

A

Prominent in the ball and socket joints of the shoulder and hip is the fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge of the joint socket helps to deepin the joint socket and increases the area of contact between the socket and the ball-like surface of the head of the humerus or femur

33
Q

Blood and nerve supply in synovial joints?

A

Many of the components of synovial joints are avascular
arteries in the vicinity send out numerous branches that penetrate the ligaments and articular capsule to deliver oxygen and nutrients the chondrocytes in the articular cartilage of a synovial joint receive oxygen and nutrients from synovial fluid derived from blood

34
Q

Bursae

A

Saclike structures strategically situated to alleviate friction in some joints such as shoulder and knee joints

35
Q

Tendon sheaths

A

Tube like bursae, Rap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction as they pass through tunnels formed by connective tissue and bone

36
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Occurs along the frontal plane and involve the intravertebral joints

37
Q

Hyperextension

A

Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position

38
Q

Flexion

A

There is a decrease in the angle between articulating bones

39
Q

Extension

A

Increase in the angle between articulating bones

40
Q

What are the types of movements that can occur at synovial joints?

A
  1. Gliding
  2. Angular movement
  3. Rotation
  4. Special movements
41
Q

Gliding

A

Nearly flat bone services move side to side and back-and-forth
no significant alteration of the angle between the bones
Limited range but can be combined with rotation

42
Q

What are angular movements and the types?

A

Increase or decrease in the angle between articulating bones
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Lateral flexion
4. Hyper extension
5. Abduction
6. Adduction
7. Circumduction

43
Q

Abduction

A

The movement of a bone away from the midline

44
Q

Adduction

A

The movement of a bone toward the midline

45
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement of the distal end of a body part in a circle

46
Q

Rotation

A

A bone revolves around it on longitudinal axis

47
Q

Medial (internal) rotation

A

A movement where the anterior surface of a bone of the limb is turned towards the midline

48
Q

Lateral (external) rotation

A

If the anterior surface of the bone of the limb is turned away from the midline

49
Q

Special movements

A
  1. Elevation
  2. Depression
  3. Protraction
  4. Retraction
  5. Inversion
  6. Eversion
  7. Dorsiflexion
  8. Plantar flexion
  9. Supination
  10. Pronation
  11. Opposition
50
Q

Protraction

A

Is a movement of a part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane

51
Q

Retraction

A

The movement of a protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position

52
Q

Inversion

A

Is the movement of the sole medially at the intertarsal joints

53
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Refers to the bending of the foot at the ankle or talocrural joint in the direction of the dorsum

54
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Involves bending of the foot at the ankle joint in the direction of the planter or inferior surface

55
Q

Supination

A

Is the movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the palmers turned anteriorly

56
Q

Pronation

A

Is a movement of the forearm of the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna in the palm is turned posteriorly

57
Q

Opposition

A

Is the movement of the thumb of the carpometacarpal joint in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of your fingers on the same hand

58
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints?

A
  1. Plane
  2. Hinge
  3. Pivot
  4. Condyloid
  5. Saddle
  6. Ball- and- socket
59
Q

Plane joints

A

Also called plantar joints
flat slightly curved
biaxial if they rotate as well they are triaxial
back-and-forth or side to side movement between flat surfaces of bones but can also rotate against one another

60
Q

Hinge joints

A

The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone
produce an angular opening and closing motion like a hinge door uniaxial because they allow motion around a single access
permit only flexion and extension

61
Q

Pivot joints

A

Rounded or appointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
uniaxial because it allows rotation only around it on longitudinal axis

62
Q

Condyloid joints

A

The convex oval shape projection of one bone fits into the oval shape depression of another bone
Biaxial because the movement it permits is around two axes plus limited circumduction

63
Q

Saddle joints

A

articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the saddle as a sitting rider would sit
the movements of a saddle joint are the same as a condyloid joint biaxial plus limited circumduction

64
Q

Ball-and-socket joints

A

Consists of the ball like surface of one bone fitting into a cup like depression of another bone
Triaxial permitting movements around the three axes

65
Q

Tempo to mandibular joint (TMJ)

A

Combined hinge and plane joint formed by the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone
the only freely moveable joint between the skull bones
Only the mandible moves

66
Q

Shoulder joint

A

Ball and socket, head of humerus and glue pod cavity

67
Q

Anatomical components of shoulder joint?

A
  1. Articular capsule
  2. Coracohumeral ligament
  3. Glenhumeral ligaments
  4. Transverse humeral ligament
  5. Glenoid labrum
  6. Bursae
68
Q

Movements of shoulder joint

A

Allows flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, and Circumduction of arm. Ligaments of shoulder strengthen it some but most strength comes from surrounding muscle especially rotator cuff muscle

69
Q

Elbow joint

A

I hinge joint formed by the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus the trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius

70
Q

Elbow joint anatomical components

A
  1. Articular capsule
  2. Ulnar collateral ligament
  3. Radial collateral ligament
  4. Annular ligament of the radius
71
Q

Elbow joint movements

A

Flexion and extension

72
Q

Hip joint

A

Ball and socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the Acetabulum of the hip bone

73
Q

Anatomical components of the hip joint

A

Articular capsule
Ligament of the head of the femur

74
Q

Movements of the hip joint

A

Flexion, extension, abduction, ad duction, lateral rotation, medial rotation, and Circumduction of the thigh

75
Q

Knee joint

A

Modified hinge joint that consists of three joints within a single synovial cavity two tibiofemoral joint and one patellofemoral joint

76
Q

Anatomical components of knee joint

A
  1. Articular capsule
  2. Medial and lateral patellar retinacula
  3. Patellar ligament
  4. Tibial collateral ligament
  5. Fibulae collateral ligament
  6. Intracapsular ligament
  7. Anterior crucial ligament (ACL)
  8. Posterior crucial ligament (PCL)
  9. Articular disc (menisci)
  10. Medial meniscus
  11. Lateral meniscus
  12. Bursae of the knee
77
Q

Movements of the knee joint

A

Flexion, extension, slight medial rotation, lateral rotation of the leg in the flexed position

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

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