Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 235 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mass

A

Amount of matter in any object, which does not change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Weight

A

The force of gravity acting on matter, does not change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the major elements?

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Carbon
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Nitrogen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the eight lesser elements?

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulfur
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium
Iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are elements made up of?

A

Atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oxygen

A

65% of body mass, part of water and many organic molecules. Used to generate ATP. Used by cells to temporarily store chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carbon

A

18.5% of body mass, forms backbone chains and rings of all organic molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hydrogen

A

9.5% of body mass, constituent of water and most organic molecules; ionized from H+ makes body fluids more acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nitrogen

A

3.2% of body mass, component of all proteins and nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Calcium

A

1.5% of body mass, contributes to hardness of bones and teeth; ionized from Ca2+ needed for blood clotting, release of some hormones, contraction of muscle, and many other processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Phosphorus

A

1.0% of body mass, component of nucleic acids and ATP; required for normal bone and tooth structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Potassium

A

.35% of body mass, ionized from K+ is the most plentiful cation (positively charged particle) in intercellular fluid; needed to generate action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mass number

A

Sum of an atoms protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Radioactive isotopes

A

Unstable, nuclei decay into a stable configuration emitting radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Compound

A

A substance that contains atoms of two or more different elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ion

A

An atom that gives up or gains electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Molecule

A

When two or more atoms share electrons, molecules can consist of two atoms of the same kind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Forces that hold together the atoms of a molecule or a compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ionic bond

A

The force of attraction that holds together ions with opposite charges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Electrolyte

A

Ionic compound that breaks apart into positive and negative ions in solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Forms when two or more atoms share electrons rather than gaining or losing them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

If two atoms share a large amount of electron their covalent bond will be?

A

Stronger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Single covalent bond

A

Atoms share one electron pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What’s an example of an important polar covalent bond?

A

The bond between oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Sharing of electrons is unequal, resulting molecule has a partial negative charge which attracts electrons more strongly which is called electronegativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of a neighbouring electronegative atoms, usually larger oxygen or nitrogen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Chemical energy

A

A form of potential energy that is stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What’s the principle known as law of conservation of energy

A

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it may be converted from one form to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What happens when energy goes from one form to another?

A

Releases heat, some of which is used to maintain normal body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Release more energy than they absorb

37
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Absorb more energy than they release

38
Q

Metabolism

A

Refers to the chemical reactions in the body

39
Q

Activation energy

A

Collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants

40
Q

What influences the chance that a collision will occur and cause a chemical reaction?

A

Concentration
Temperature

41
Q

Concentration

A

The more particles of matter present in a confined space, the greater the chance that they will collide

42
Q

Temperature

A

Temperature rises, particle of matter move about more rapidly

43
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur

44
Q

Types of chemical reactions

A

Synthesis reactions- anabolism
Decomposition reactions- catabolism
Reversible reactions
Oxidation-reduction reactions
Exchange reactions

45
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Usually endergonic because they absorb more energy than they release

46
Q

Decomposition reactions

A

Split up large molecules into smaller atoms, ions, or molecules and are referred to as catabolism

47
Q

Exchange reactions

A

Use synthesis and decomposition reactions

48
Q

Oxidation

A

Refers to loss of electrons

49
Q

Reduction

A

Refers to the gain of electrons

50
Q

Oxidation-reduction reactions

A

One substance gains molecules and one loses molecules at the same time

51
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Lack carbon and are structurally simple

52
Q

Organic compounds

A

Contain carbon, usually contain hydrogen and always have covalent bonds

53
Q

Water

A

Most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems

54
Q

What does it mean when you say waters heat of vaporization is high?

A

You need large amounts of heat to change it from a liquid to a gas

55
Q

mixture

A

Combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not bound by chemical bonds

56
Q

Colloid

A

Particles are large enough to scatter light

57
Q

Suspension

A

Material may mix but eventually settles out

58
Q

What does it mean that water can release or absorb a relatively large amount of heat with only a modest change in temperature?

A

It has a high heat capacity

59
Q

When inorganic acids, bases, or salts dissolve in water, they what?

A

Dissociate

60
Q

What does an acid dissociate into?

A

One or more hydrogen ions H+

61
Q

Dissociate

A

When inorganic acids, based, or salts dissolve in water, they separate into ions and become surrounded by water molecules

62
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more anions

63
Q

What is a base?

A

Removes hydrogen ions from a solution

64
Q

Buffer system

A

Works to convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bas s

65
Q

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

A

Carbonic acid can act as a weak acid, and bicarbonate ion can act as a weak base. So this buffer system can compensate for either an excess or shortage of hydrogen ions

66
Q

Small organic molecules that can combine into very large molecules?

A

Macromolecules

67
Q

Large molecule formed by the covalent bonding of many identical or similar small building-block molecules called monomers?

A

Polymers

68
Q

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures are called?

A

Isomers

69
Q

What do carbohydrates include?

A

Sugars, glycogen, starches, cellulose

70
Q

Major groups of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

71
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Simple sugar, 3-7 carbon atoms

72
Q

Disaccharide

A

Simple sugar, formed by two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis

73
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Tens or hundreds monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis, water insoluble, not sweet. Main one glycogen. Starches, cellulose.

74
Q

Different types of lipids?

A

Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes

75
Q

Lipids

A

Organic compound, 18-25% of body mass, contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Insoluble in water

76
Q

Fatty acids

A

Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids. Can be catabolism’s into ATP

77
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

One single covalent bond between the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain. Because they lack double bonds each carbon atom of the hydrocarbon chain is saturated with hydrogen atoms.

78
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Contains one or more double covalent bonds between the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chains. Not completely saturated with hydrogen atoms

79
Q

Triglycerides

A

Body’s most highly concentrated form of chemical energy
Glycerol
Saturated fat
Mono saturated fat
Polyunsaturated fat

80
Q

Proteins

A

Large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Monomers of proteins are amino acids
Structural
Regulatory
Contractile
Immunological
Transport
Catalytic

81
Q

Peptide bond

A

Covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids

82
Q

Properties of enzymes?

A

Highly specific-binds only to particular substrate
Very efficient
Enzymes are subject to a variety of cellular controls

83
Q

How does an enzyme work?

A
  1. Substrates make contact with active site on surface, forming enzyme-substrate complex
  2. Substrate molecules transformed by the rearrangement of existing atoms, break down substrate molecule or combine several substrate molecules into the products of the reaction
  3. After the reaction is completed the reaction products move away from the enzyme, the unchanged enzyme is free to attach to other substrate molecules
84
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

85
Q

Different parts of the nucleotide?

A
  1. Nitrogenous base
  2. Pentode sugar
  3. Phosphate group
86
Q

Removing the third phosphate group in ATP produces what?

A

A molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

87
Q

Where does the cell get the energy required to produce ATP?

A

Supplied mainly by the catabolism of glucose in a process called cellular respiration

88
Q

Two phases of cellular respiration?

A

Anaerobic phase
Aerobic phase

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions