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BIOL 235 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Four major parts of brain?

A

Brain stem
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Cerebrum

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2
Q

Brainstem

A

Continuous with spinal cord and consists of medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

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3
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posterior to brainstem

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4
Q

Diencephalon

A

Superior to the brainstem
Consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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5
Q

Cerebrum

A

Supported on Diencephalon and brainstem
Largest part of brain

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6
Q

Cranial meninges

A

Continuous with spinal meninges
Same basic structure
Same names: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Two dural layers: periosteal layer and meningeal layer

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7
Q

Extensions of dura mater that separate brain parts?

A

Flax cerebrum
Flax cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli

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8
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Separates two hemispheres of cerebrum

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9
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Separates two hemispheres of the cerebellum

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10
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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11
Q

How does blood flow (mainly) to the brain?

A

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

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12
Q

Where do the dural venous sinuses drain in order to return blood from the head to the heart?

A

Internal jugular vein

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13
Q

How much does the brain weight in terms of body percentage?

A

2% of total body weight

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14
Q

How much oxygen and glucose is used by the brain in terms of body percentage?

A

20% of oxygen and glucose used by the body is used by the brain

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15
Q

How long does it take for an interruption. Of blood flow to impact neuronal function and cause permanent damage?

A

Impairment takes 1-2 minutes
Permanent injury takes 4 minutes

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16
Q

Why must the supply of glucose to the brain be continuous?

A

Because none is “stored” in the brain

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17
Q

What does low glucose levels in the blood entering the brain cause?

A

Mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions, loss of consciousness may occur

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18
Q

Blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

Consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the endothelial cells of brain blood capillaries and a thick basement membrane that surrounds the capillaries

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19
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Clear liquid, made up of mostly water that protects the brain
Carries small amounts of oxygen, glucose, and other chemicals from the blood to the neurons and neuroglia
Continuously circulated through cavities
80-150 mls

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20
Q

Ventricles

A

CSF filled cavities within brain

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21
Q

Lateral ventricle

A

One in each hemisphere of cerebrum, separated anteriorly by thin membrane

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22
Q

Septum pellucidum

A

Thin membrane that separates the lateral ventricles

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23
Q

Third ventricle

A

Narrow, slit like cavity along the midline superior to hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus

24
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Between brainstem and cerebellum

25
Q

CSF basic functions for maintaining homeostasis?

A
  1. Mechanical protection
  2. Chemical protection
  3. Circulation
26
Q

Choroid plexuses

A

Main site of CSF production

27
Q

Blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier

A

Protects brain and spinal cord from potentially blood borne substances formed by tight junctions of ependymal cells

28
Q

Interventional foramina

A

Two narrow, oval openings

29
Q

The CSF formed in the choroid plexuses of each lateral ventricle flows where?

A

Into the third ventricle through two narrow, oval openings (interventricular foramina)

30
Q

Where does the fluid flow after adding more CSF from the third ventricle?

A

Aqueduct of the midbrain

31
Q

Three structures of brainstem?

A
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
32
Q

Reticular formation

A

Extends through brainstem
Network of interspersed gray and white matter

33
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Begins at the foramen magnum and extends to the inferior border of the pons
Contains motor and sensory tracts

34
Q

Decussationn of pyramids

A

Axons on left side go to right side and via versa is why the brain controls opposit side of body

35
Q

Nuclei

A

Medulla nuclei control vital body functions
Vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and hiccuping

36
Q

Cardiovascular (CV) center

A

Regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and diameter of blood vessels

37
Q

Medullary respiratory centre

A

Adjust basic rhythm of breathing

38
Q

Deglutition center

A

Promotes deglutition (swallowing)

39
Q

Inferior olivary nucleus

A

Receives input from the cerebral cortex, red nucleus of midbrain, and spinal cord. Used to make adjustments to muscle activity as you learn new motor skills

40
Q

Gracile and cuneate nucleus

A

Associated with touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception
Two tracts in the posterior columns of spinal cord form synapses in these nuclei

41
Q

Medial lemniscus

A

Band of white matter extends through medulla, pons, and midbrain

42
Q

Posterior column medial lenniscus pathway

A

Tracts of the posterior columns and axons of the medial lemniscues

43
Q

Gustatory nucleus in medulla

A

Taste

44
Q

Cochlear nuclei in medulla

A

Auditory pathway

45
Q

Vestibular nuclei medulla

A

Equalibrium

46
Q

Pons

A

Lies directly superior to the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum, 2.5 cm long, a “bridge” connects parts of the brain
Ventral and dorsal region

47
Q

Pontine nuclei

A

Scattered grey centers in the synaptic relay station of pons

48
Q

Pontine respiratory group

A

Helps control breathing with medulla respiratory group

49
Q

Cranial nerves associated with pons nuclei?

A
  1. Trigeminal (v) nerve
  2. Abducens (VI) nerves
  3. Facial (VII) nerves
  4. Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves
50
Q

Midbrain or mesencephalon

A
  1. Extends from pons to the diencephalon
  2. Contains nuclei and tracts
    3.
51
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

paired bundles of axons located in the anterior part of midbrain
Axons of the corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine tracts, which conduct nerve impulses from motor areas in cerebral cortex to spinal cord, medulla, and pons

52
Q

Tectum

A

Posterior part of midbrain contains four rounded elevations
Superior: superior colliculi, inferior colliculi

53
Q

Reticular formation

A

Where white and gray matter exhibit netlike arrangement
Contains sensory and motor neurons

54
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A

Ascending: wakefulness, arousal,maintain attention, prevent sensory over load
Descending: muscle tone
Inactivation: produces sleep
Damage: coma

55
Q

Transverse fissure and Tentorium cerebelli in cerebellum

A

Support posterior part of cerebrum and separates cerebellum from cerebrum

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

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