Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 235 > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the male reproductive system include?

A

Testes, system of ducts, accessory glands, and several supporting structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Regulate temperature of the testes 2 to 3° below the core body temperature

In response to cold temperatures the cremaster and the dartos muscles contract moving the testes closer to the body where they can absorb body heat

contraction of the dartos muscles cause the scrotum to become tight which reduces heat loss

exposure to warmth reverses its actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules of the testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two types of cells that are contained in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogenesis cells and sustentacular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sustentacular cells

A

Also called Sertoli cells

Have several functions in supporting spermatogenesis Such as nurish spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm; Controlled movements of spermatogenesis cells and the release of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules; Produce fluid for sperm transport; secrete hormones inhibin; and regulate the effects of testosterone and FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Interstitial cells of the testes

A

Also called Leydig cells they secrete testosterone the most prevailant androgen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Androgen

A

A hormone that promotes the development of masculine characteristics and man’s libido

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Takes 65 to 75 days

Starts with spermatogonia (stem cell) which contain the diploid number of chromosomes

Lose contact with the basement membrane squeeze through tight junctions of the blood testes barrier and undergo changes to differentiate into primary spermatocytes

Undergoes meiosis one and then there are two cells called secondary spermatocytes With 23 chromosomes

After meiosis two there’s four haploid cells which are called spermatids

Final stage of spermatogenesis includes the haploid spermatids becoming sperm called spermiogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Spermiation

A

When sperm are released from their connections to the sustentacular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parts of a sperm?

A

Head: Contains a nucleus with 23 highly condensed chromosomes a acrosome covers the anterior 2/3 of the nucleus; A cap like vesicles filled with enzymes that help sperm to penetrate a secondary also to bring about fertilization

Tail: Contains neck, middle-piece, principle piece, and End piece

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH

A

Stimulates Gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to increase their secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

Which intern control secretion of testosterone and spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Testosterone

A

Interstitial cells located between seminiferous tubules secrete testosterone when stimulated by lutenizing hormone

Synthesized from cholesterol in the testes and is the principal androgen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A

Converted from testerostrone with the enzyme five alpha reductaste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Androgen-binding protein (ABP)

A

Stimulated by FSH and testosterone on the sustentacular cells in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules

Binds to testosterone keeping its concentration high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inhibin

A

Released by sustentacular cells

Inhibits FSH secretion by the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Androgens: Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone produce what affects?

A
  1. Prenatal development - testosterones stimulates male pattern of development of reproductive system docs and the descent of the testes dihydrotestosterone stimulates development of the external genitals
  2. Development of male sexual characteristics and secondary sex characteristics
  3. Development of sexual function
  4. Stimulation of anabilism - stimulate protein synthesis affects males more than females
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the ducts of the testes?

A
  1. Epididymis - Site of sperm maturation
  2. Ductus deference/ Vas deferens - Conveys sperm during sexual arousal from the epididymis towards the urethra by peristaltic contractions of its muscular coat
  3. Spermatic cord - Supporting structure of the scrotum and consists of the vas deferens, testicular artery, veins, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels ,cremaster muscle
  4. Ejaculatory ducts - Eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretions just before the release of semen
  5. Urethra - Shared terminal of the reproductive and urinary systems passageway for semen and urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the path of sperm through the ducts of the testes?

A

Pressure generated by the fluid secreted by the sustentacular cells push sperm and fluid along the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, then into the straight tubules, to the rete testis, through coiled efferent ducts, in the epididymis that empty into a single tube called the ductus epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the accessory sex glands?

A
  1. Seminal vesicles - Secrete alkaline viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins that are different from those in blood that neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra and female reproductive tract
  2. Prostate - Secretes milky slightly acidic fluid that contains: citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, such as prostate specific antigen, acid phosphatase, seminal plasmin
  3. Bulbourethral glands - During sexual arousal they secrete an alkaline fluid into the urethra that protects the passing sperm by neutralizing acid from the urine in the urethra
21
Q

What are the different parts of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries, uterine tubes or oviducts, uterus, vagina, external organs called the vulva or pudendum, and the mammary glands

22
Q

What does the ovaries produce?

A
  1. Gametes, secondary oocytes develop into mature ova after fertilization
  2. Hormones including progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, and relaxin
23
Q

Broad ligament of the uterus

A

Attaches the ovaries by a double layered fold of peritaneum called the mesovarium

24
Q

Ovarian ligament

A

Anchors the ovaries to the uterus

25
Q

Suspensory ligament

A

Attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall

26
Q

Ovarian mesothelium or surface epithelium

A

Simple epithelium that covers the surface of the ovary

27
Q

Tunica albuginea of the ovary?

A

Whiteish capsule of dense irregular connective tissue located immediately deep to the ovarian mesothelium

28
Q

Ovarian cortex

A

Region just deep to the tunica albuginea consists of ovarian follicles surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue that contains collagen fibres and fibroblast like cells called stromal cells

29
Q

Ovarian medulla

A

Depo to the ovarian cortex

border between the cortex and medulla is indistinct but the medulla consists of more loosely arranged connective tissue and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

30
Q

Ovarian follicles

A

In the cortex and consist of oocytes in various stages of development plus the cells surrounding them

When the surrounding cells form a single layer they are called follicular cells

several layers are referred to as granulosa cells

31
Q

Mature follicle

A

A large fluid filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expel it secondary oocyte a process known as ovulation

32
Q

Corpus luteum

A

Contains the remnants of a mature follicle after ovulation the corpus luteum produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates into fibrous scar tissue called in corpus albicans

33
Q

Oogenesis and follicular development

A

Formation of gametes in the ovaries is termed oogenesis

Primordial germ cells from the yolk sac differentiate within the ovaries into Oogonia

Oogonia cells then develop into primary oocytes that enter prophase of meiosis one during fetal development but do not complete that phase until after puberty

34
Q

Atresia

A

Where oogonia cells degenerate before birth

35
Q

Zygote

A

Nuclei of sperm cell and ovum

36
Q

Infundibulum

A

Funnel shaped part of fallopian tubes

37
Q

Peg cells

A

Ciliated provides nutrients to ovum

38
Q

Uterosacral ligaments

A

Connect uterus to sacrum

39
Q

Cardinal ligaments

A

Extend from the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina

40
Q

Round ligaments

A

From a point on the uterus to a portion of the labia majora on the external genitals

41
Q

Retro flexion

A

Posterior tilting of the uterus

42
Q

Rectouterine pouch

A

Pouch of Douglas

The most inferior point in the pelvic cavity

43
Q

What are the three components of the endometrium of the uterus

A
  1. An inner most layer compose the simple Connor epithelium lines the lumen
  2. An underlying endometrial stroma is a very thick region of lamina propria
  3. Endometrial glands develop as invaginations of the luminal epithelium and extend almost to the myometrium
44
Q

Two layers of the endometrium of the uterus

A
  1. Stratum functionalist lines the uterine cavity and sloughs off during menstruation
  2. Stratum basalis is permanent gives rise to a new stratum functionalist after each menstruation
45
Q

How many different oestrogens are there?

A

Six

46
Q

What are the important functions of estrogen secreted by ovarian follicles?

A
  1. Promotes the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics, and breasts. distribution of adipose tissue in the breast, abdomen, on pubis, and hips; voice pitch; a broad pelvis; and pattern of hair growth on the head and body
  2. Increase protein animalism including the building of strong bones; synergistic with human growth hormone
  3. Lower blood cholesterol level which is probably the reason that women under age 50 have much lower risk of coronary artery disease than men
  4. Every month after menstruation occurs estrogen stimulates proliferation of the stratum basalis to form a new stratum functionalist that replaces the one that is sloughed off
  5. Moderate levels in the blood in him both release of GnRH by the hypothalamus and secretion of LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary
47
Q

What’s the positive feedback effect on cells that secrete LH and gonadotropin-releasing hormone and cause ovulation?

A
  1. High concentration of estrogen stimulates more frequent release of GnRH from the hypothalamus it also directly stimulates Gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary to secrete LH
  2. GnRH promotes the release of FSH an additional LH by the anterior pituitary
  3. LH causes rupture of the mature follicle and expulsion of a secondary oocyte about nine hours after the peak of the LH surge the ovulated oocyte and it’s corona radiata cells are usually swept into the uterine tube
48
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

Blood that leaks into abdominal cavity from a ruptured follicle that can cause pain

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions