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BIOL 235 > Chapter 21 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

Has a thick muscular to elastic tunica media

High compliance

Two types elastic and muscular

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2
Q

What are the five main types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, arteriole, capillaries, venules, and veins

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3
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that convey blood from the tissues back to the heart

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4
Q

Tunica interna

A

Forms the inner lining of a blood vessel and is in direct contact with the blood that flows through the lumen

Has an inner layer of endothelium and a basement membrane deep to the endothelium

Outer most layer between the tunica Interna and tunica media is the internal elastic lamina

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5
Q

Internal elastic lamina of the tunica interna

A

Thin sheet of elastic fibres with window like openings that facilitate diffusion of materials to the tunica media

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6
Q

Tunica media

A

Regulates the diameter of the lumen with vasoconstriction and vasodilation as well as vascular spasm to limit damage

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7
Q

Tunica externa

A

Outer covering of a blood vessel

consists of elastic and collagen fibres and contains nerves and blood vessels that supply tissue of the vessel wall called vasa vasorum

also helps anchor the tunica externa to surrounding tissues

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8
Q

Vasa vasorum

A

Small vessels that supply blood to the tissues of the vessels in the tunica externa

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9
Q

Elastic arteries

A

Largest arteries in the body

well defined internal and external elastic laminae

thick tunica media dominated by elastic fibres called elastic lamellae

the two major trunks that exit the heart are the aorta and the pulmonary trunk

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10
Q

Functions of the elastic arteries?

A

Propel blood onward while the ventricles are relaxing

walls stretch easily accommodating the surge of blood

elastic fibres momentarily store mechanical energy functioning as a pressure Reservoir

then they recoil and convert the stored energy in the vessel into kinetic energy of the blood

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11
Q

What is another name for elastic arteries and why?

A

Conducting arteries, because they conduct blood from the heart to medium sized more muscular arteries

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12
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Medium-sized arteries their tunica media contains more smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibres making the walls relatively thick
Tunica externa is often thicker than the tunica media

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13
Q

Functions of the muscular arteries?

A

Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

called distributing arteries because they distribute blood to each of the various organs

has the ability to maintain vascular tone

Stiffness in the vessel walls is important in maintaining vessel pressure and efficient blood flow

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14
Q

Anastomosis

A

Do union of branches of two or more arteries supplying the same body region

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15
Q

Collateral circulation

A

The alternative route of blood flow to a body part through and anastomosis

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16
Q

End arteries

A

Arteries that do not anastomose

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17
Q

Arterioles

A

Abundant microscopic vessels that regulate the flow of blood into the Capillery networks of the body tissues

have a thin tunica interna with a thin fenestrated internal elastic lamina that disappears at the terminal end

the terminal end of the arterial is called the metarteriole and tapers toward the Capillary junction

this junction the distal most muscle cell forms the precapillary sphincter which monitors the blood flow into the Capillary

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18
Q

Arterioles functions?

A

Play a key role in regulating blood flow from arteries into capillaries by regulating resistance

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19
Q

What is another thing arterioles are called?

A

Resistance vessels

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20
Q

Capillaries?

A

Smallest blood vessel, includes the microcirculation where blood from a metarteriole goes through Capillery’s into a post Capillary venule

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21
Q

What is the primary function of the capillaries?

A

Exchange of substances

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22
Q

What is something else the capillaries are called?

A

Exchange vessels

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23
Q

Vasomotion

A

Where blood flows intermittently through capillaries due to the alternating contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle of metarterioles and the pre-capillary sphincters

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24
Q

Thoroughfare channels

A

Provides a direct route for blood from an arteriole to a venule bypassing capillaries

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25
Q

What are the three different types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous capillaries
  2. Fenestrated capillaries
  3. Sinusoids
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26
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A

The plasma membranes of endothelial cells form a continuous tube that is interrupted only by intercellular clefts, found in the central nervous system, lungs, muscle tissue, and skin

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27
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Plasma membranes of the endothelial cells in these capillaries have many fenestrations and are found in the kidneys, villi of the small intestine, choroid plexus of the ventricles in the brain, ciliary processes of the eyes, and most endocrine glands

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28
Q

Sinusoids

A

Wider and more winding than other capillaries, unusually large fenestrations, and an incomplete or absent basement membrane, very large intracellular clefts that allow proteins and blood cells to pass from a tissue into the bloodstream

can be found in the red bone marrow and can contain special cells

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29
Q

Venules

A

Then walls that do not readily maintain shape drain the Capillery blood and begin the return flow of blood back towards the heart

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30
Q

Post capillaries venules

A

Initially receive blood from Capillery’s

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31
Q

Muscular venules

A

Post Capillery venules that acquire one or two layers of smooth muscle cells and the exchange of interstitial fluid can no longer occur

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32
Q

Veins

A

Composed of the same three layers as arteries but the tunica interna of veins is thinner the tunica media is thinner and the tunica externa is the thickest layer and consists of collagen and elastic fibres

Contain valves preventing backflow

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33
Q

Vascular (venous) sinus

A

A vein with a thin endothelial wall that has no smooth muscle to alter its diameter

surrounding dense connective tissue replaces the tunica media and tunica externa in providing support

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34
Q

Blood Reservoir’s

A

Systemic veins and venules function as blood reservoirs because they hold 64% of your body’s blood volume

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35
Q

Venoconstriction cause

A

During increase muscular activity the cardiovascular centre in the brain stem sends a larger number of sympathetic impulses to veins resulting in Venoconstriction

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36
Q

What are the three basic mechanisms that substances enter and leave capillaries?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Transcytosis
  3. Bulk flow
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37
Q

Diffusion through Capillaries?

A

Most important method of Capillery exchange

Used by oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, hormones

Water soluble substances such as glucoseamine acid pass across capillary walls through intercellular clefts or fenestrations

Lipid soluble materials such as oxygen, CO2, and steroid hormones may pass across capillary walls directly through the lipid bilayer of endothelial cell plasma membranes

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38
Q

Transcytosis in capillaries?

A

Substance in blood plasma become enclosed within tiny penocytic vessicles that first enter endothelial cells by endocytosis then move across the cell and exit on the other side by exocytosis mainly important for large lipids insoluble molecules that cannot cross capillary walls in any other way such as insulin and antibodies

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39
Q

Bulk flow: Filtration and reabsorption

A

Passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction moves from an area of higher pressure to lower pressure

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40
Q

Filtration

A

Pressure driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into interstitial fluid

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41
Q

Reabsorption

A

Pressure driven movement from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries

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42
Q

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

Determines whether the volumes of blood and interstitial fluid remain steady or change and is the balance of interstitial fluid osmotic pressure and blood colloidal osmotic pressure

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43
Q

Starlings law of the Capillaries

A

The volume of fluid and solutes reabsorbed normally is almost as large as the volume filtered the near equilibrium is starlings law of the capillaries

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44
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)

A

“Pushes” fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid

hydrostatic pressure is due to the pressure that water in blood plasma exerted against blood vessel walls

45
Q

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)

A

Opposing pressure of the interstial fluid

“pushes” fluid from interstitial spaces back into capillaries

close to zero mmHg

46
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

A

A force caused by the colloidal suspension of these large proteins in plasma that averages 26 mmHg in most capillaries

the effect is to “pull” fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries

47
Q

Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)

A

Opposing BCOP which “pulls” fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid .1 to 5 mmHg because only tiny amounts of protein are present in interstitial fluid

48
Q

How is net filtration pressure calculated?

A

NFP=(BHP+IFOP)-(BCOP+IFHP)
Pressures that promote filtration - Pressures that promote reabsorption

49
Q

Haemodynamics

A

Refers to the forces involved in circulating blood throughout the body

50
Q

Blood flow

A

The volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time. Total blood flow is cardiac output the volume of blood that circulates through the systemic blood vessels each minute

51
Q

What are the two factors that depend how the cardiac output becomes distributed into circulatory routes?

A
  1. Pressure differences
  2. Resistance
52
Q

Blood pressure

A

The hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessel

53
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

The highest pressure attained in arteries during systole

54
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

The lowest arterial pressure during diastole

55
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

The average blood pressure in arteries is roughly 1/3 of the way between the diastolic and systolic pressure’s

56
Q

How can you calculate the map?

A

Map = diastolic BP + 1/3 (systolic BP - diastolic BP)

57
Q

Vascular resistance relies on what three things?

A
  1. Size of the lumen - Smaller lumen equals greater resistance
  2. Blood viscosity - Higher the blood viscosity the higher the resistance
  3. Total blood vessel length - Longer vessels equal greater resistance
58
Q

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) also known as total peripheral resistance (TPR)

A

Refers to all of the vascular resistance is offered by the systemic blood vessels

59
Q

Venous return

A

The volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the systemic veins occurs due to the pressure generated by contractions of the hearts left ventricle

60
Q

What are the two other “pumps” of the body that help move blood from the lower body back to the heart?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle pump
  2. Respiratory pump
61
Q

Circulation time

A

The time required for a drop of blood to pass from the right atrium through the pulmonary circulation, back to the left atrium, through the systemic circulation, down to the foot and back again to the right atrium, a resting person circulation time is normally one minute

62
Q

Cardiovascular (CV) centre

A

Located in the medulla oblongata

helps regulate heart rate and stroke volume as well as controls neural, hormonal, and local negative feedback systems that regulate blood pressure and blood flow to specific tissues

receives input from higher brain regions and sensory receptors

Output from the cardiovascular centre flows along sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system

63
Q

The three main types of sensory receptors that provide input to the cardiovascular centre are what?

A
  1. Proprioceptors
  2. Baroreceptors
  3. Chemoreceptors
64
Q

Output for the cardiovascular centres sympathetic division travels along what?

A

Reaches the heart via the cardiac Excelerator nerves

65
Q

Out put for the cardiovascular centres parasympathetic stimulation travels along what?

A

Vegas (X) nerves decrease heart rate

66
Q

Output for the cardiovascular centre uses what nerves to communicate with smooth muscles in blood vessels?

A

Vasomotor nerves which controls vasocontraction or vasoconstriction called vasomotor tone

67
Q

What are the two types of reflexes controlled by negative feedback loops regulated by BP?

A

Baroreceptor reflexes and chemo receptor reflexes

68
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Pressure sensitive sensory receptors located in the aorta, internal carotid arteries, and other large arteries in the neck and chest

send impulses to the cardiovascular centre to help regulate blood pressure

69
Q

The two most important baroreceptor reflex’s?

A

Carotid sinus reflects and aortic reflex

70
Q

Carotid sinus reflex

A

Helps regulate blood pressure in the brain
nerve impulses propagate from the carotid sinus baroreceptors over sensory axons in the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves to the cardiovascular centre

71
Q

Aortic reflex

A

Regulates Systemic blood pressure nerve impulses from the aortic baroreceptors reach the cardiovascular centre via sensory axons of the vagus (X) nerves

when blood pressure falls the baroreceptors are stretched less and they send nerve impulses at a slower rate to the cardiovascular centre

When an increase in pressure is detected the baroreceptor send impulses at a faster rate increase in parasympathetic stimulation and decreasing sympathetic stimulation

72
Q

Chemo receptors

A

Sensory receptors that monitor the chemical composition of blood are located close to the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and arch of the aorta in small structures called carotid bodies and aortic bodies

Detect blood level changes of O2, CO2, hydrogen, decreased 02 =hypoxia, increased hydrogen = acidosis, excess CO2 = hypercapnia

73
Q

Whore moans that help regulate blood pressure and blood flow by altering the cardiac output, Changing systemic vascular resistance or adjusting the total blood volume are?

A
  1. Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
  2. Epi-nephron and norepinephrine
  3. Antidiuretic hormone
  4. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
74
Q

Renin angiotensin aldosterone (RAA) system

A

Blood volume decreases to the kidneys causing them to secrete renin into the bloodstream

Renin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) act on their substrates to produce angiotensin two

Angiotension two Vasalconstricts blood vessels raising blood pressure by increasing systemic vascular resistance

Angiotensin two stimulates secretion of aldosterone which increases reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys increasing total blood volume which increases blood pressure

75
Q

Epi-nephron and norepinephrine

A

Sympathetic stimulation causes adrenal medulla to release epi and norepinephrine increasing cardiac output by increasing rate and force of heart contractions

and causing vasoconstriction of arterials in veins and vasodilation of arterial’s in cardiac and skeletal muscle which helps increase blood flow to the muscle during exercise

76
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary in response to dehydration or decrease blood volume

causes vasoconstriction which increases blood pressure

also promotes movement of water from the lumen of kidney tubules into the bloodstream resulting in increased blood volume and decreased urine output

77
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

Released by cells in the atrium of the heart lowers blood pressure by causing vasodilation and by promoting the loss of salt and water in the urine which reduces blood volume

78
Q

Auto regulation

A

The ability of a tissue to automatically adjust his blood flow to match is metabolic demands

79
Q

What are the two general types of stimuli that cause auto regulatory changes in blood flow?

A
  1. Physical changes
  2. Vasal dilating and vasal constricting chemicals
80
Q

Systolic blood pressure

A

The force of blood pressure on arterial walls just after ventricular contraction

81
Q

Diastolic blood pressure

A

The force exerted by the blood remaining in arteries during ventricular relaxation

82
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

Various sounds that are heard will taking blood pressure

83
Q

Pulse pressure

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

84
Q

Shock

A

Failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough 02 and nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs

85
Q

What are the four types of shock?

A
  1. Hypovolaemic shock
  2. Cardiogenic shock
  3. Vascular shock
  4. Obstructive shock
86
Q

A common cause of hypovolaemic shock?

A

Acuter sudden haemorrhage

87
Q

Cardiogenic shock?

A

The heart fails to pump adequately most often because of myocardial infarction

88
Q

What are the different types of sharks included in vascular shock?

A

Anaphylactic shock, neurogenic shock, septic shock

89
Q

Obstructive shock

A

Occurs when blood flow through a portion of the circulation is blocked most common cause is pulmonary embolism

90
Q

What are the four main negative feedback systems that compensate for shock?

A
  1. Activation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system
  2. Secretion of antidiuretic hormone
  3. Activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS
  4. Release of local vasodilators
91
Q

What are signs and symptoms of shock?

A
  1. Systolic blood pressure is lower than 90 mmHg
  2. Resting heart rate is rapid due to sympathetic stimulation and increase blood levels of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
  3. Pulses week and rapid due to reduced cardiac output and fast heart rate
  4. Skin is cool pale and clammy due to sympathetic constriction of skin blood vessels and sympathetic stimulation of sweating
  5. Mental state is alter due to reduced oxygen supply to the brain
  6. Urine formation is reduced due to increase levels of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone
  7. The person is thirsty due to loss of extra cellular fluid
  8. The pH of blood is low (acidosis) due to the buildup of lactic acid
  9. The person may have nausea because of impaired blood flow to the digestive organs from sympathetic vasal constriction
92
Q

All veins of the systemic circulation drain into what?

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, or coronary sinus

93
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery of the body and has four principal divisions ascending aorta, arch of the aorta, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta

94
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

Descends to the level of the fourth lumbar vertebrae where divides into two common iliac arteries which carry blood to the pelvis and lower limbs

The unpaired visceral branches arise from the anterior surface of the aorta and include the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric artery’s

The paired visceral branches arise from the lateral surfaces of the aorta and include the suprarenal, renal, and gonadal artery’s

95
Q

Ascending aorta

A

Contains three dilations called aortic sinuses

right and left sinuses give rise to the right and left coronary arteries

the right and left coronary arteries arise from the ascending aorta just superior to the aortic valve forming a crown like ring around the heart

giving off branches to the atrial and ventricular myocardium

96
Q

Arch of the aorta

A

Three major arteries branch from the superior aspect of the arch of the aorta the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian

97
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk

A

The first and largest branch from the arch of the aorta

Extend superiorly bending slightly to the right and divides at the right sternal clavicular joint to form the right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

98
Q

Left common carotid artery

A

The second branch from the arch of the aorta which divides into the same branches with the same names as the right common carotid artery

99
Q

Left subclavian artery

A

The third branch from the arch of the aorta which distributes blood to the left vertebral artery and vessels of the left upper limb similar in distribution and name to those branching from the right subclavian artery

100
Q

Thoracic aorta

A

Begins at the level of the intravertebral disc between the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae where it lies to the left of the vertebral column

101
Q

How does the abdominal aorta end?

A

By dividing into the right and left common iliac arteries

which intern divide into the internal and external iliac arteries

which then become the femoral arteries in the thighs, the popliteal arteries posterior to the knee, and the anterior and posterior tibial arteries in the legs

102
Q

What are the three systemic veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart?

A

Coronary sinus, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava

103
Q

What are the three pairs of veins that most blood draining from the head passes through?

A

Internal jugular external jugular and vertebral veins

104
Q

What are the deep veins of the upper limbs?

A

Brachiocephalic veins: subclavian vein’s, axillary veins, brachial vein’s

105
Q

What are the superficial veins of the upper limbs?

A

Cephalic vein’s and basilic vein’s

106
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

Carries venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs and spleen to the liver

107
Q

Portal vein

A

Carries blood from one Capillery network to another

108
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Receives blood from capillaries of gastrointestinal organs and the spleen and delivers it to the sinusoids of the liver

109
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Emerges from the right ventricle and passes superiorly, posteriorly, and to the left

divides into two branches right pulmonary artery to the right lung, and left pulmonary artery to the left lung

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

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