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BIOL 235 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary system composed of?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Hair
  3. Oil
  4. Sweat glands
  5. Nails
  6. Sensory receptors
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2
Q

What is the skin also known as?

A

Cutaneous membrane

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3
Q

What are the two main parts of the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
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4
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Deep to the dermis, but not part of the skin. Consists of Areolar and adipose tissue. Contains large blood vessels that supply the skin, and lamellated corpuscles that are sensitive to pressure

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5
Q

What is the epidermis is composed of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Intraepidermal macrophages
4. Tactile epithelial

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6
Q

90% of epidermal cells are what type?

A

Keratinocytes

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7
Q

Keratinocytes are arranged in four or five layers and produce what protein?

A

Keratin

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8
Q

Lamellar granules produced by the keratinocytes sites do what?

A

Release a water repellent sealant that decreases water entry and loss and inhibits the entry of foreign materials

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9
Q

Melanocytes

A

8% of the epidermal cells, produce pigment melanin

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10
Q

Melanin

A

Yellow-red or brown-black pigment that contributes to skin colour and absorbs damaging UV light.

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11
Q

Intraepidermal macrophages or langerhans cells

A

Arise from Redbone Marrow and migrate to the epidermis. participate in immune responses by helping other cells of the immune system recognizes and invading microbes and destroy it there easily damaged by UV light

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12
Q

Tactile epithelial cells or Merkel cells

A

Located in the deepest layer of the epidermis they detect touch sensations

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13
Q

Tactile disc or merkel disc

A

Neuron or nerve cell

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14
Q

What are the four layers of thin skin?

A
  1. Stratum basalt
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Thin stratum corneum
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15
Q

Where is thick skin located?

A

Fingertips
Palms
Soles
Where there is increased exposure to friction

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16
Q

Layers of thick skin?

A

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Thick stratum corneum

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17
Q

Stratum basale

A

Deepest layer, single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

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18
Q

Which layer of skin has stem cells that undergo cell division?

A

Stratum basale

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19
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Superficial to the stratum basale. 8 to 10 layers of keratinocytes. Produce by stem cells in the basal layer.

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20
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Middle of epidermis. Undergoes apoptosis as it moves closer to surface.

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21
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only in thick skin consists of 4 to 6 layers of flattened clear dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes

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22
Q

Stratum corneum

A

25 to 30 layers of flatten dead keratinocytes very thin flat contain no nucleus or internal organelles

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23
Q

How is a callus formed?

A

Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates increase cell production in Carrollton production that result in a callus

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24
Q

What is the process of keratinization?

A

Newly formed cells in the stratum basil or slowly pushed to the surface as the cells move from one epidermal layer to the next day accumulate more keratin

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25
Q

Epidermal growth factor EGF

A

Hormones that play a rule in the mechanism that regulate cell growth

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26
Q

Dermis

A

Deeper part of the skin composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibres. has great tensile strength
has the ability to stretch and recoil easily
predominant cells in this layer are fibroblast, macrophages, and a few Adipocytes
blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles are embedded in the dermal layer

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27
Q

What are the dermis regions?

A
  1. Papillary region
  2. Reticular region
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28
Q

Papillary region

A

Contains thin collagen in fine elastic fibres surface area is greatly increase by dermal papillae

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29
Q

Dermal papillae

A

Nipple shaped structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis that contain capillary loops and some contain corpuscles of touch and some contain free nerve endings

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30
Q

Corpuscles of touch or Messner corpuscles

A

Nerve endings that are sensitive to touch

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31
Q

What dendrites lack any apparent structural specialization?

A

Free nerve endings

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32
Q

Reticular region

A

Deeper portion of dermis consists of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibres spaces between fibres contain some adipose cells hair follicles nerves sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands

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33
Q

The combination of collagen and elastic fibres in the reticular region provides the skin with what?

A

Strength, extensibility, and elasticities

34
Q

What are epidermal ridges?

A

The ridges and grooves found on the surface of the palms fingers soles and toes. Which create a strong bond between the epidermis and the dermis in regions of high mechanical stress and increase surface area which increases the number of corpuscles of touch and thus increase tactile sensitivity

35
Q

What are three pigments that in part a wide variety of colours to the skin?

A

Melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene

36
Q

What are the accessory structures of the skin?

A

Hair, skin glands, and nails

37
Q

What is the hair shaft?

A

Superficial portion of the hair which projects above the surface of the skin

38
Q

What is the hair root?

A

The portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis and sometimes into the subcutaneously layer

39
Q

What are the three concentric layers of cells of the shaft and root of the hair?

A

Medulla, cortex, and cuticle of the hair

40
Q

What is the hair follicle made up of?

A

External root sheath and internal root sheath

41
Q

What are the external and internal route sheath referred to as?

A

Epithelial root sheath

42
Q

What is the hair bulb?

A

The base of each hair follicle and it’s surrounding dermal root sheath

43
Q

The hair bulb houses nipple shaped indentation called what?

A

Papilla of the hair and hair matrix

44
Q

What is the smooth muscle called associated with hair?

A

Arrector pili

45
Q

The smooth muscle called arrector pili under physiological or emotional stress causes what?

A

Goosebumps or gooseflesh

46
Q

Surrounding each hair follicle are dendrites of neurons that form what?

A

Hair route plexus

47
Q

What is the hair route plexus?

A

Generates nerve impulses if their hair shafts are moved they are sensitive to touch

48
Q

What are the different types of skin glands?

A
  1. Sebaceous glands
  2. Sudoriferous glands
  3. Ceruminius glands
49
Q

What do you sebaceous glands secrete

A

Sebum

50
Q

What are the two main types of sweat glands

A

Eccrine and Apocrine based on their structure and type of secretion

51
Q

What is sweat evaporates from the skin before it is perceived is moisture?

A

Insensible perspiration

52
Q

What is sweat that is excreted in larger amounts and I seen is moisture on the skin?

A

Sensible perspiration

53
Q

Eccrine sweat glands release sweat in response to an emotional stress such as fear or embarrassment what type of sweating is this?

A

Emotional sweating or cold sweat

54
Q

Where are sebaceous glands located and distributed?

A

Largely in lips glans penis labia menorah and tarsal glands small mounds in trunk and limbs not present in palms and soles.
Dermis

55
Q

What are the functions of the sebaceous glands?

A

Prevent hairs from drying out, prevent water loss from skin, keep skin soft, inhibit growth of some bacteria. relatively inactive during childhood;activated during puberty.

56
Q

Where are eccrine sweat glands located and how are they distributed?

A

Distributed throughout the skin of most regions of the body especially the skin of the forehead, palms, and soles.
Mostly in deep dermis sometimes in upper subcutaneous layers

57
Q

What is secreted by the eccrine sweat glands?

A

Perspiration which consists of water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, and lactic acid

58
Q

What are the functions of eccrine sweat glands and when are they on set?

A

The onset is soon after birth
Eccrine sweat glands function to regulate body temperature, waste removal, stimulated during emotional stress

59
Q

How are apocrine sweat glands distributed and where are they located?

A

Apocrine sweat sweat glands are mostly in deep dermis and upper subcutaneous layer
distributed through skin of axillae, groin, areolae, bearded regions of face, clitoris, and labia minora

60
Q

Which gland secrete through hair follicles?

A

Sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands

61
Q

What do apocrine sweat glands secrete?

A

Perspiration which consists of water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acid, glucose, lactic acid, lipids and proteins

62
Q

What are the functions of apocrine sweat glands and when are their functions onset?

A

Stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement onset at puberty

63
Q

Where are Ceruminous glands located and distributed?

A

External auditory canal on subcutaneous layer

64
Q

What do ceruminous glands secrete?

A

Cerumen a waxy material

65
Q

What is the function of the ceruminous glands and when is its function on set?

A

Impedes entrance of foreign bodies and insects into external ear canal, waterproof canal, prevent microbes from entering cells. Onsets soon after birth

66
Q

Nails

A

Plates of tightly packed hard dead keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear solid covering over the dorsal surface of the distal portion of the digits

67
Q

What do nails consist of

A

Nail body, a free edge, and a nail root

68
Q

Nail body

A

Visible portion of the nail

69
Q

Free edge?

A

Part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of the digit

70
Q

Nail root

A

Portion of the nail that is buried in the fold of the skin

71
Q

Lunula

A

The whiteish Crescent shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body

72
Q

What is the second region of stratum corneum below the free edge called?

A

Hyponychium

73
Q

What does the hyponychium do?

A

It is the junction between the fridge in the skin of the fingertip insecure is the nail to the fingertip

74
Q

Nail bed

A

Skin below the nail plate that extends from the lunula to the hyponychium

75
Q

What narrow band of epidermidis extends from and adheres to the margin of the nail wall?

A

Eponychium

76
Q

What is a hangnail?

A

A small torn piece of skin at the side or base of a fingernail or toenail usually caused by dryness of the eponychium

77
Q

What is the portion of the epithelium proximal to the nail root called?

A

Nail matrix

78
Q

What are the functions of the nails?

A
  1. They protect the distal end of the digits
  2. They provide support and counter pressure to the Palmer surface of the fingers to enhance touch perception and manipulation
  3. They allow us to grasp and manipulate objects and they can be used to scratch and groom the body in various ways
79
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  1. Thermal regulation
    2.blood Reservoir
    3.excretion and absorption
    4.protection
    5.cutaneous sensations
    6.synthesis of vitamin D
80
Q

How does the skin participate in thermal regulation?

A

By liberating sweat at its surface and by adjusting the flow of blood in the dermis

81
Q

What does cutaneous sensation include?

A
  1. Tactile sensations
  2. Thermal sensations
  3. Pain

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

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