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BIOL 235 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary system composed of?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Hair
  3. Oil
  4. Sweat glands
  5. Nails
  6. Sensory receptors
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2
Q

What is the skin also known as?

A

Cutaneous membrane

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3
Q

What are the two main parts of the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Dermis
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4
Q

Subcutaneous layer

A

Deep to the dermis, but not part of the skin. Consists of Areolar and adipose tissue. Contains large blood vessels that supply the skin, and lamellated corpuscles that are sensitive to pressure

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5
Q

What is the epidermis is composed of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Intraepidermal macrophages
4. Tactile epithelial

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6
Q

90% of epidermal cells are what type?

A

Keratinocytes

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7
Q

Keratinocytes are arranged in four or five layers and produce what protein?

A

Keratin

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8
Q

Lamellar granules produced by the keratinocytes sites do what?

A

Release a water repellent sealant that decreases water entry and loss and inhibits the entry of foreign materials

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9
Q

Melanocytes

A

8% of the epidermal cells, produce pigment melanin

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10
Q

Melanin

A

Yellow-red or brown-black pigment that contributes to skin colour and absorbs damaging UV light.

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11
Q

Intraepidermal macrophages or langerhans cells

A

Arise from Redbone Marrow and migrate to the epidermis. participate in immune responses by helping other cells of the immune system recognizes and invading microbes and destroy it there easily damaged by UV light

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12
Q

Tactile epithelial cells or Merkel cells

A

Located in the deepest layer of the epidermis they detect touch sensations

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13
Q

Tactile disc or merkel disc

A

Neuron or nerve cell

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14
Q

What are the four layers of thin skin?

A
  1. Stratum basalt
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Thin stratum corneum
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15
Q

Where is thick skin located?

A

Fingertips
Palms
Soles
Where there is increased exposure to friction

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16
Q

Layers of thick skin?

A

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Thick stratum corneum

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17
Q

Stratum basale

A

Deepest layer, single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

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18
Q

Which layer of skin has stem cells that undergo cell division?

A

Stratum basale

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19
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Superficial to the stratum basale. 8 to 10 layers of keratinocytes. Produce by stem cells in the basal layer.

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20
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Middle of epidermis. Undergoes apoptosis as it moves closer to surface.

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21
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only in thick skin consists of 4 to 6 layers of flattened clear dead keratinocytes that contain large amounts of keratin and thickened plasma membranes

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22
Q

Stratum corneum

A

25 to 30 layers of flatten dead keratinocytes very thin flat contain no nucleus or internal organelles

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23
Q

How is a callus formed?

A

Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates increase cell production in Carrollton production that result in a callus

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24
Q

What is the process of keratinization?

A

Newly formed cells in the stratum basil or slowly pushed to the surface as the cells move from one epidermal layer to the next day accumulate more keratin

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25
Epidermal growth factor EGF
Hormones that play a rule in the mechanism that regulate cell growth
26
Dermis
Deeper part of the skin composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibres. has great tensile strength has the ability to stretch and recoil easily predominant cells in this layer are fibroblast, macrophages, and a few Adipocytes blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles are embedded in the dermal layer
27
What are the dermis regions?
1. Papillary region 2. Reticular region
28
Papillary region
Contains thin collagen in fine elastic fibres surface area is greatly increase by dermal papillae
29
Dermal papillae
Nipple shaped structures that project into the undersurface of the epidermis that contain capillary loops and some contain corpuscles of touch and some contain free nerve endings
30
Corpuscles of touch or Messner corpuscles
Nerve endings that are sensitive to touch
31
What dendrites lack any apparent structural specialization?
Free nerve endings
32
Reticular region
Deeper portion of dermis consists of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibres spaces between fibres contain some adipose cells hair follicles nerves sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands
33
The combination of collagen and elastic fibres in the reticular region provides the skin with what?
Strength, extensibility, and elasticities
34
What are epidermal ridges?
The ridges and grooves found on the surface of the palms fingers soles and toes. Which create a strong bond between the epidermis and the dermis in regions of high mechanical stress and increase surface area which increases the number of corpuscles of touch and thus increase tactile sensitivity
35
What are three pigments that in part a wide variety of colours to the skin?
Melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene
36
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair, skin glands, and nails
37
What is the hair shaft?
Superficial portion of the hair which projects above the surface of the skin
38
What is the hair root?
The portion of the hair deep to the shaft that penetrates into the dermis and sometimes into the subcutaneously layer
39
What are the three concentric layers of cells of the shaft and root of the hair?
Medulla, cortex, and cuticle of the hair
40
What is the hair follicle made up of?
External root sheath and internal root sheath
41
What are the external and internal route sheath referred to as?
Epithelial root sheath
42
What is the hair bulb?
The base of each hair follicle and it’s surrounding dermal root sheath
43
The hair bulb houses nipple shaped indentation called what?
Papilla of the hair and hair matrix
44
What is the smooth muscle called associated with hair?
Arrector pili
45
The smooth muscle called arrector pili under physiological or emotional stress causes what?
Goosebumps or gooseflesh
46
Surrounding each hair follicle are dendrites of neurons that form what?
Hair route plexus
47
What is the hair route plexus?
Generates nerve impulses if their hair shafts are moved they are sensitive to touch
48
What are the different types of skin glands?
1. Sebaceous glands 2. Sudoriferous glands 3. Ceruminius glands
49
What do you sebaceous glands secrete
Sebum
50
What are the two main types of sweat glands
Eccrine and Apocrine based on their structure and type of secretion
51
What is sweat evaporates from the skin before it is perceived is moisture?
Insensible perspiration
52
What is sweat that is excreted in larger amounts and I seen is moisture on the skin?
Sensible perspiration
53
Eccrine sweat glands release sweat in response to an emotional stress such as fear or embarrassment what type of sweating is this?
Emotional sweating or cold sweat
54
Where are sebaceous glands located and distributed?
Largely in lips glans penis labia menorah and tarsal glands small mounds in trunk and limbs not present in palms and soles. Dermis
55
What are the functions of the sebaceous glands?
Prevent hairs from drying out, prevent water loss from skin, keep skin soft, inhibit growth of some bacteria. relatively inactive during childhood;activated during puberty.
56
Where are eccrine sweat glands located and how are they distributed?
Distributed throughout the skin of most regions of the body especially the skin of the forehead, palms, and soles. Mostly in deep dermis sometimes in upper subcutaneous layers
57
What is secreted by the eccrine sweat glands?
Perspiration which consists of water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acids, glucose, and lactic acid
58
What are the functions of eccrine sweat glands and when are they on set?
The onset is soon after birth Eccrine sweat glands function to regulate body temperature, waste removal, stimulated during emotional stress
59
How are apocrine sweat glands distributed and where are they located?
Apocrine sweat sweat glands are mostly in deep dermis and upper subcutaneous layer distributed through skin of axillae, groin, areolae, bearded regions of face, clitoris, and labia minora
60
Which gland secrete through hair follicles?
Sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands
61
What do apocrine sweat glands secrete?
Perspiration which consists of water, ions, urea, uric acid, ammonia, amino acid, glucose, lactic acid, lipids and proteins
62
What are the functions of apocrine sweat glands and when are their functions onset?
Stimulated during emotional stress and sexual excitement onset at puberty
63
Where are Ceruminous glands located and distributed?
External auditory canal on subcutaneous layer
64
What do ceruminous glands secrete?
Cerumen a waxy material
65
What is the function of the ceruminous glands and when is its function on set?
Impedes entrance of foreign bodies and insects into external ear canal, waterproof canal, prevent microbes from entering cells. Onsets soon after birth
66
Nails
Plates of tightly packed hard dead keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear solid covering over the dorsal surface of the distal portion of the digits
67
What do nails consist of
Nail body, a free edge, and a nail root
68
Nail body
Visible portion of the nail
69
Free edge?
Part of the nail body that may extend past the distal end of the digit
70
Nail root
Portion of the nail that is buried in the fold of the skin
71
Lunula
The whiteish Crescent shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body
72
What is the second region of stratum corneum below the free edge called?
Hyponychium
73
What does the hyponychium do?
It is the junction between the fridge in the skin of the fingertip insecure is the nail to the fingertip
74
Nail bed
Skin below the nail plate that extends from the lunula to the hyponychium
75
What narrow band of epidermidis extends from and adheres to the margin of the nail wall?
Eponychium
76
What is a hangnail?
A small torn piece of skin at the side or base of a fingernail or toenail usually caused by dryness of the eponychium
77
What is the portion of the epithelium proximal to the nail root called?
Nail matrix
78
What are the functions of the nails?
1. They protect the distal end of the digits 2. They provide support and counter pressure to the Palmer surface of the fingers to enhance touch perception and manipulation 3. They allow us to grasp and manipulate objects and they can be used to scratch and groom the body in various ways
79
What are the functions of the skin?
1. Thermal regulation 2.blood Reservoir 3.excretion and absorption 4.protection 5.cutaneous sensations 6.synthesis of vitamin D
80
How does the skin participate in thermal regulation?
By liberating sweat at its surface and by adjusting the flow of blood in the dermis
81
What does cutaneous sensation include?
1. Tactile sensations 2. Thermal sensations 3. Pain

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

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