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BIOL 235 > Chapter 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the urinary system?

A

Two kidneys
two ureters
one urinary bladder
and one urethra

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2
Q

Function of the kidneys?

A

Regulate blood volume and composition
regulate blood pressure, pH and glucose levels
produce hormones calcitriol and erythropoietin
excrete waste in urine

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3
Q

What are the nitrogenous waste?

A

Urea, ammonia, creatinine, uric acid, and urobilin

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4
Q

How do you the kidneys regulate blood ionic composition?

A

Adjusting the amounts of ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, phosphate that is excreted into the urine

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5
Q

How do the kidneys regulate blood pH?

A

Excrete a variable amount of hydrogen ions into the urine and conserve bicarbonate ions which are an important buffer of hydrogen in the blood

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6
Q

What is the area through which the ureter emerges from the kidney along with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves?

A

Renal hilum

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7
Q

What are the three layers of tissue that surrounds each kidney from deep to superficial?

A
  1. Renal capsule - dense, irregular connective tissue that is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter serves as a barrier against trauma
  2. Adipose capsule - mass of fatty tissues rounding the renal capsule protects the kidney from trauma and holds it firmly in place within the abdominal cavity
  3. Renal Fascia - thin layer of dense, irregular connective tissue that anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall
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8
Q

What are the two distinct regions of the internal kidney?

A

Renal cortex - light red region

renal medulla - deep dark reddish brown inner region

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9
Q

Renal pyramids

A

Found in the renal medulla

the base facing the renal cortex and its Apex the renal papilla towards the renal hilum

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10
Q

Renal cortex

A

Divided into the outer cortical zone, an inner juxtamedullary zone, and renal columns that extends between the renal pyramids

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11
Q

Parenchyma

A

Made up of the renal cortex and renal pyramids of the renal medulla

Functional portion of the kidney

Contains the functional unit of the kidney the nephron

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12
Q

Where do the nephrons filtrate drain into?

A

Papillary ducts

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13
Q

Where do the papillary ducts drain into?

A

Cuplike structures called minor and major calyces

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14
Q

Where does urine drain from the major calyces?

A

A single large cavity called the renal pelvis

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15
Q

Renal sinus

A

An expansion of the hilum into a cavity

that contains part of the renal pelvis, the calyses, and branches of the renal blood vessels, and nerves

has adipose tissue to help stabilize the position of these structures

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16
Q

Nephrons

A

Functional unit of the kidneys

Consists of a renal corpuscle where blood plasma is filtered

and a renal tubule in which the filtered fluid passes

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17
Q

Glomerulus

A

Capillary network in the renal corpuscle

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18
Q

Glomerular capsule or Bowmans capsule

A

A double walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerular capillaries

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19
Q

What are the three pieces of the renal tubule in the order that fluid passes through them?

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  2. Nephron loop or loop of Henle
  3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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20
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule’s?

A

Part of the tubule that is attached to the glomerular capsule that is tightly coiled

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21
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle in both convoluted tubules located?

A

Renal cortex

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22
Q

Where do the distal convoluted tubule’s of several nephrons empty?

A

Single collecting duct

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23
Q

What percentage of nephrons are cortical nephrons?

A

80 to 85%
these nephrons have short nephron loops
And lie mainly in the cortex and penetrate only into the outer region of the renal medulla

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24
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

15 to 20% of nephrons
there renal corpuscle lies deep in the cortex close to the medulla
and they have a long nephron loop that extends into the deepest regions of the medulla

Has a thin ascending limb followed by a thick ascending limb

Can produce more concentrated urine

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25
Q

Podocytes

A

Foot like projections that wrap around the glomerular capillaries and form the inner wall of the capsule

26
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Helps regulate blood pressure within the kidneys

27
Q

What are the two cells located in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts?

A

Principal cells and intercalated cells

28
Q

Principal cells have receptors for what?

A

Have receptors for both antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone

29
Q

Intercalated cells

A

Play a role in homeostasis of blood pH

30
Q

What are the three basic processes to produce urine?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
31
Q

The fluid that enters the capsular space is called what?

A

Glomerular filtrate

32
Q

Filtration fraction is what?

A

The fraction of blood plasma in afferent arterial of the kidneys that becomes glomerular filtrate

33
Q

Filtration membrane

A

A leaky barrier formed by the glomerular capillaries in the podocytes which completely encircle the the capillaries

34
Q

Mesangial cells

A

Located among the glomerular capillaries an in the cleft between afferent and efferent arterial’s

contractile cells that help regulate glomerular filtration

35
Q

What are the three reasons the volume of fluid filtered by the renal corpuscle is larger than other blood capillaries?

A
  1. Glomerular capillaries present a large surface area for filtration mesangial cells increase surface area upon relaxation and decrease surface area on contraction
  2. The filtration membrane is thin and porous and the Capillery’s are 50 times leakier than blood capillaries
  3. Glomerular capillery blood pressure is high because the afferent arterial is smaller in diameter than the efferent arterial making resistance to the outflow of blood from the glomerulus high
36
Q

What promotes filtration?

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)

37
Q

What opposes filtration?

A

1.Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

2.Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

38
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute

If GFR is too high needed substances may pass to quickly through the renal tubules if it’s too low certain wastes might not be excreted

39
Q

Myogenic mechanism

A

When stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of afferent arterial’s in response smooth muscle fibres the wall of the afferent arterial contract narrowing the lumen and decreasing blood flow

40
Q

What are the two contributing factors to Reno autoregulation?

A

Myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

41
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback

A

When the macula densa of the renal tubule provide feedback to the glomerulus

When filtered fluid moves more rapidly making it hard to reabsorb macula densa cells detect increase delivery and inhibit release of nitric oxide, constricting blood vessels allowing more time to absorb fluids

42
Q

Angiotension 2

A

Potent vasoconstrictor narrows both afferent and efferent arterial’s and reduces renal blood flow decreasing glomerular filtration rate

43
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

Stimulated by the stretching of the atria

Relaxes glomerular mesengial cells, Increasing surface area for filtration, filtration rate rises

44
Q

Paracellular reabsorption

A

A passive process where fluid leaks between the cells

45
Q

Transcellular reabsorption

A

The substance passes from the fluid in the tubular lumen through the apical membrane of a tubule cell, across the cytosol, and out into interstitial fluid through the basolateral membrane

46
Q

Obligatory water reabsorption

A

The water that’s reabsorbed with solutes in tubular fluid because it has to follow the solutes when they are reabsorbed

47
Q

Facultative water reabsorption

A

Reabsorption of the final 10% of water regulated by antidiuretic hormone in occurs mainly in the collecting ducts

48
Q

Aquaporin-1

A

Abundant in the proximal convoluted tubule and the descending limb of the nephron loop making this area especially permeable to water

49
Q

The nephron loop sets the stage for independent regulation of what?

A

The volume and osmolarity of body fluids

50
Q

What are the three main ways angiotensin two affects renal physiology?

A
  1. It decreases the glomerular filtration rate by causing vasoconstriction of the afferent arterial’s
  2. It enhances the reabsorption of sodium and water in the proximal convoluted tubule by stimulating the activity of sodium -hydrogen antiporters
  3. It stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone a hormone that intern stimulates the principal cells in the collecting ducts to reabsorb more sodium and secrete more potassium the osmotic consequence of reabsorbing more sodium is that more water is reabsorbed which causes an increase in blood volume and blood pressure
51
Q

In what way do the kidneys produce concentrated urine?

A
  1. Symporters and thick ascending limb cells of the nephron loop cause a buildup of sodium and chloride in the renal medulla
  2. Countercurrent flow through the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla
  3. Cells in the collecting ducts reabsorbed more water and urea
  4. Uria recycling causes a buildup of urea in the renal medulla
52
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

The process by which solutes in water or possibly exchanged between the blood of the vasa recta and interstitial fluid of the renal medulla as a result of countercurrent flow

53
Q

Countercurrent multiplication

A

The process by which a progressively increasing osmotic gradient is formed in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla as a result of countercurrent flow

54
Q

The long nephron loop is said to function as what?

A

Countercurrent multiplier

55
Q

The vasa recta is said to function as what?

A

Countercurrent exchanger

56
Q

What accounts for 95% of the total volume of urine?

A

Water

57
Q

Urinalysis

A

And analysis of the volume and physical chemical in microscopic properties of urine

58
Q

What are the two blood screening test they can provide information about kidney function?

A
  1. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
  2. Plasma creatinine
59
Q

Renal plasma clearance

A

Volume of blood that is cleaned or cleared of a substance per unit of time usually expressed in units of millilitres per minute

60
Q

Inulin

A

A plant polysaccharide, that easily passes the filter and is not reabsorbed and not secreted, the clearance of inulin can be used to determine the GFR

61
Q

Renal plasma flow

A

The amount of plasma that passes through the kidneys in one minute

62
Q

What are the waste management systems?

A

Body buffers, blood, liver, lungs, sweat glands, gastrointestinal tract

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

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