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BIOL 235 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscular system

A

Voluntarily controlled muscles of your body

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2
Q

Origin

A

Attachment site of muscle tendon to stationary bone

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3
Q

Insertion

A

Attachment site of muscles tendons to moveable bone

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4
Q

Belly

A

Slushy portion of muscle between the tendons

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5
Q

Actions Of a muscle

A

Main movements that occur when the muscle contracts

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6
Q

Reverse muscle action (RMA)

A

When specific movements of the body can be reversed and the positions of the origin and insertion are switched

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7
Q

Lever

A

A rigid structure that can move around a fixed point called a fulcrum

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8
Q

Fulcrum

A

The fixed point

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9
Q

Effort

A

Causes movement

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10
Q

Load

A

Also known as resistance, opposes movement

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11
Q

Mechanical advantage

A

When the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort is farther from the fulcrum it takes a smaller amount of effort to move the load which is called the mechanical advantage

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12
Q

Mechanical disadvantage

A

When the load is farther from the fulcrum and the effort is closer to the fulcrum it creates a mechanical disadvantage so that you need more effort to move the load

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13
Q

First class levers

A

Fulcrum is between the effort and the load
produces a mechanical advantage or disadvantage
examples are the head resting on the vertebral column

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14
Q

Second class levers

A

Load is between the fulcrum and the effort
operate like a wheel barrel
always produce a mechanical advantage
sacrifices speed and range of motion for force
uncommon in the human body example standing up on your toes

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15
Q

Third class levers

A

Effort between the fulcrum and the load
operate like a pair of forceps
most common levers in the body always produce a mechanical disadvantage
favour speed and range of motion over force
example elbow joint the biceps brachii muscle in the bones of the arm and forearm

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16
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundles of muscle fibres

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17
Q

What are the five patterns of fascicles in tendons?

A
  1. Parallel
  2. Fusiform
  3. Circular
  4. Triangular
  5. Pinnate
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18
Q

Prime mover

A

Contracts to cause an action

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19
Q

Antagonist

A

Stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover

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20
Q

Parallel fascicles

A

Parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle terminate at each end in for attendance

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21
Q

Fusiform

A

Fascicles nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle terminate in flat tendons muscles taper towards tendons were diameter is less than at the belly

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22
Q

Circular fascicles

A

Classicals in Concentric circular arrangements from sphincter muscles that enclose an orphus

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23
Q

Triangular fascicles

A

Fascicle spread over broad area coverage at thick Central tendon gives muscle a triangular appearance

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24
Q

Pennate fascicles

A

Short fascicles in relation to total muscle length tendon extends nearly entire length of muscle

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25
Q

Synergists

A

Contract and stabilize the intermediate joints

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26
Q

Fixators

A

Stabilizing the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently

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27
Q

Compartment

A

A group of skeletal muscles in the limbs, there associated blood vessels and associated nerves all of which have a common function

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28
Q

Rectus

A

Parallel to the midline

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29
Q

Transverse

A

Perpendicular to the midline

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30
Q

Oblique

A

Diagonal to the midline

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31
Q

Maximus

A

Largest

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32
Q

Minimus

A

Smallest

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33
Q

Longus

A

Long

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34
Q

Brevis

A

Short

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35
Q

Latissimus

A

Widest

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36
Q

Longissimus

A

Longest

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37
Q

Magnus

A

Large

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38
Q

Major

A

Larger

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39
Q

Minor

A

Smaller

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40
Q

Vastus

A

Huge

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41
Q

Deltoid

A

Triangular

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42
Q

Trapezius

A

Trapezoid

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43
Q

Serratus

A

Sawtooth

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44
Q

Rhomboid

A

Diamond shaped

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45
Q

Orbicularis

A

Circular

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46
Q

Pectinate

A

Comb like

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47
Q

Piriformis

A

Pear-shaped

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48
Q

Platys

A

Flat

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49
Q

Quadratus

A

Square four sided

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50
Q

Gracilis

A

Slender

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51
Q

Flexor

A

Decreases joint angle

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52
Q

Extensor

A

Increases joint angle

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53
Q

Abductor

A

Moves bone away from the midline

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54
Q

Adductor

A

Moves bone closer to midline

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55
Q

Levator

A

Raises or elevate body part

56
Q

Depressor

A

Lowers or depresses body part

57
Q

Supinator

A

Turns palm anteriorly

58
Q

Pronator

A

Turns palm posteriorly

59
Q

Sphincter

A

Decreasing size of an opening

60
Q

Tensor

A

Makes body part rigid

61
Q

Rotator

A

Rotates bone around longitudinal axis

62
Q

What are the muscles of the head the produce facial expressions?

A
  1. Scalp muscles
  2. mouth muscles
  3. orbit and eyebrow muscles
63
Q

Scalp muscles

A

Occipitofrontalis
1. Frontal belly
2. occipital belly

64
Q

Frontal belly

A

Draw scalp anteriorly raises eyebrows and wrinkles skin of four head horizontally as in look of surprise

65
Q

Occipital belly

A

Draws scalp posteriorly

66
Q

Mouth muscles

A
  1. Orbicularis Oris
  2. zygomaticus major
  3. Buccinator
67
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A

Closes and protrude lips; as in kissing, compresses lips against teeth, and shapes lips during speech

68
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

Draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally as in smiling

69
Q

Buccinator

A

Presses cheeks against teeth and lips as in whistling, blowing, and sucking, draws corner of mouth laterally and assist in mastication by keeping food between the teeth

70
Q

Orbits an eyebrow muscles

A

Orbicularis oculi

71
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

Closes Eye

72
Q

What are the muscles that move the mandible at the temporomandibular joint known as?

A

Muscles of mastication

73
Q

What are the three muscles of mastication known as the powerful closers?

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid

74
Q

Which muscles move the mandible side to side to help grind food?

A

Medial and lateral pterygoid

75
Q

Masseter

A

Origin: Maxilla and zygomatic arch
Insertion: Angle and ramus of mandible
Action:  Elevates mandible as in, closing mouth

76
Q

Temporalis

A

Origin: Temporal bone
Insertion: Coronoid process and Ramus of mandible
Action: Elevates in retracts mandible

77
Q

What are the muscles of the neck that move the head?

A
  1. Sternocleidomastoid
78
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Origin: Sternal head: manubrium of sternum, clavicular head: medial third of clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone in lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital bone
Action: Acting together, flex cervical portion of vertebral column, extend head at Atlanto-occipital joint. Elevate sternum during forced inhalationad.
RMA: Elevate sternum during forced inhalation

79
Q

Muscles of the abdomen that protect abdominal viscera and move the vertebral column

A
  1. Rectus abdominous
  2. external oblique
  3. internal oblique
  4. transversus abdominis
80
Q

Rectus abdominous

A

Origin: Pubic crest and pubic symphysis
Insertion: Cartilage of ribs 5 to and xiphoid process
Action: Flexes vertebral column especially lumbar portion and compresses abdomen to aid in defecation, urination, forced exhalation, and childbirth
RMA: flexes pelvis on the vertebral column

81
Q

External oblique

A

Acting together, compress abdomen and flex vertebral column. acting single, laterally flex vertebral column especially lumbar portion and rotate vertebral column

82
Q

Internal oblique

A

Acting together, compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; acting singly, laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumber portion, and rotate vertebral column

83
Q

Transversus abdominis

A

Insertion: Xiphoid process linea alba and pubis
Action: Compresses abdomen

84
Q

What form the rectus sheaths?

A

The Aponeurosis of the external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscle’s

85
Q

The rectus sheath meet at the midline to form what?

A

Linea alba

86
Q

Linea alba

A

A tough fibrous band that extends from the xiphoid process of the sternum to the pubic symphysis

87
Q

Central tendon

A

A strong aponeurosis located near the centre of the muscle

88
Q

Diaphragm

A

The most important muscle that powers breathing and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

89
Q

Muscles of the thorax that assistant breathing?

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. external intercostals
  3. internal intercostals
90
Q

Diaphragm

A

Contraction of diaphragm causes it to flatten and increase vertical dimension of thoracic cavity; resulting in inhalation. relaxation of diaphragm causes it to move superiorly and decreases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity; resulting in exhalation

91
Q

External intercostals

A

Contraction elevates ribs and increases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity; resulting in inhalation. relaxation depresses ribs and decreases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity; resulting in exhalation

92
Q

Internal intercostals

A

Contraction draws adjacent ribs together to further decrease anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity during forced exhalation

93
Q

Muscles of the thorax that move the pectoral girdle

A
  1. Anterior thoracic muscles
    - Pectoralis minor
    - Serratus anterior
  2. Posterior thoracic muscles
    - Trapezius
    - levator scapulae
    - Rhomboid major
94
Q

Pectoralis minor

A

Abduct scapula and rotates it downwards
RMA: elevates ribs 3 to 5 during forced inhalation when scapula is fixed

95
Q

Serratus anterior

A

Origin: Ribs 1 to 8 or 1 to 9
Insertion: Vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula
Action: Abduct scapular and rotated upward
RMA: elevates ribs when scapulas stabilized known as “boxers muscle”because it is important in horizontal arm movement such as punching and pushing

96
Q

Trapezius

A

Origin: Superior nuchal line of occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spines of C7 to T 12
Insertion: Clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula
Action: Superior fibres upward rotate scapula; middle fibres adduct scapula; inferior fibres depressed and upward rotate scapula; superior and inferior fibres together rotates scapula upward; stabilizes scapula
RMA: superior fibres can help extend head

97
Q

Levator scapulae

A

Origin: Transverse processes of C1 to C4
Insertion: Superior vertebral border of scapula
Action: Elevates scapula and rotates it downward

98
Q

Rhomboid major

A

Elevates and adducts scapula and rotated downward; stabilizes scapula

99
Q

Muscles of the thorax and shoulder that move the humerus

A
  1. Axial muscles that move the humerus
    - Pectoralis major
    - Latissimus dorsi
  2. scapular muscles that move the humerus
    - Deltoid
    - Subscapularis
    - Infraspinatus
    - Teres major
    - Teres minor
100
Q

Pectoralis major

A

Origin: Clavicle sternum and costal cartilages of ribs 2 to 6 and sometimes ribs 1 to 7
Insertion: Greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Action: As a whole, adducts and medially rotates arm and shoulder joint; clavicular head flexes arm, and sternocostal head extends flexed arm to side of trunk

101
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

Extends adducts and mediately rotates arm at shoulder joint; draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly, RMA: elevates vertebral column and torso

102
Q

Deltoid

A

Origin: Acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion of scapula, and spine of scapula
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humorous
Action: Lateral fibres abduct arm at shoulder joint; anterior fibres flex and medially rotate arm at shoulder joint; posterior fibres extend and laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint

103
Q

Subscapularis

A

Medially rotates arm and shoulder joint

104
Q

Supraspinatous

A

Origin: Supraspinatous fossa of scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus
Action: Assist deltoid muscle in abducting arm at shoulder joint

105
Q

Infraspinatus

A

Laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint

106
Q

Teres major

A

Extends arm and shoulder joint an assistant adduction and medial rotation of arm and shoulder joint

107
Q

Teres minor

A

Laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint

108
Q

Muscles of the arm that move the radius and ulna

A
  1. Forearm flexors
    - Biceps brachii
    - Brachialis
    - Brachioradialis
    2.forearm extensors
    - Triceps brachii
    - Anconeus
  2. forearm pronators
    - pronator Teres
  3. forearm supinator
    - Supinator
109
Q

Biceps brachii

A

Origin: Long head originate from to Berkel above Glenoid cavity of scapula
Insertion: Radial tuberosity of radius and bicipital aponeuroses
Action: Flexes forearm at elbow joint, supinates forearm at radioulnar joints, and flexes arm at shoulder joint

110
Q

Brachialis

A

Flexes forearm at elbow joint

111
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Flexes forearm at elbow joint; supinates and pronates forearm at radioulnar joints to neutral position

112
Q

Triceps brachii

A

Origin: Long head originates from infraglenoid tubercle a projection inferior to glenoid cavity of scapula

lateral head originates from lateral and posterior surface of humerus

medial head originates from entire posterior surface of humerus inferior to a groove for the radial nerve
Insertion: Olecranon of ulna
Action: Extends forearm at elbow joint and extends arm and shoulder joint

113
Q

Anconeus

A

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: Olecranon and superior portion of shaft of Ulna
Action: Extends forearm at elbow joint
Innervation: Radial nerve

114
Q

Pronator teres

A

Pronates forearm at radioulnar joint and weekly flexes forearm at elbow joint

115
Q

Supinator

A

Supinates forearm at radioulnar joints

116
Q

Muscles of a forearm that move the wrist, hand, thumb, and digits

A
  1. Superficial anterior (flexor) compartment of the forearm
    -Flexor carpi radialis
    -palmaris longus
    -flexor carpi ulnaris
    -flexor digitorum superficialis
  2. Superficial posterior (extensor) compartment of the forearm
    - Extensor carpi radialis longus
    - Extensor digitorum
    - Extensor carpi ulnaris
117
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: Metacarpals two and three
Action: Flexes and abducts hand at wrist joint

118
Q

Palmaris longus

A

Weakly flexes hand at risk joint

119
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A

Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus and superior posterior border of ulna
Insertion: Pisiform, Hamate, and base of metacarpal five
Action: Flexes and Adducts hand at wrist joint

120
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Origin: Medial epicondyle of the humerus coronoid process of Onna and ridge along lateral margin or anterior surface of radius
Insertion: Middle phalanx of each finger
Action: Flexes middle phalanx of each finger at proximal inter-phalangeal joint; proximal phalanx of each finger at metacarpal phalangeal joint; and hand at wrist joint

121
Q

Extensor carpi radialis longus

A

Extends and abduct hand at wrist joint

122
Q

Extensor digitorum

A

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Insertion: Distal and middle phalanges of each finger
Action: Extends distal and middle phalanges of each finger at interphalangeal joints, proximal phalanx of each finger at metacarpal phalangeal joint, and hand at wrist joint

123
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and posterior border of Ulna
Insertion: Metacarpal five
Action: Extends and adducts hand at wrist joint

124
Q

Muscles of the neck and back that move the vertebral column

A
  1. Arrector spinae consists of iliocostalis muscles (lateral), longissimus muscles (intermediate), and spinalis muscles (medial), ilio costalis group (lateral)
    - Iliocostalis cervicis
    - Iliocostalis thoracis
    - Iliocostalis lumborum
  2. Scalenes
    - Anterior scalene
    - Middle scalene
    - Posterior scalene
125
Q

Iliocostalis cera sis, iliocostalis thoracis ,iliocostalis lumborum

A

Acting together muscles of each region extend any maintain erect posture of vertebral column of their respective regions acting singly laterally flex vertebral column of their respective regions to same side as contracting muscle

126
Q

Anterior scalene

A

Acting together right and left anterior scaling and middle scalene muscles elevate first ribs during deep inhalation

127
Q

Middle scalene

A

RMA: flex cervical vertebrae. acting singly, laterally flex and slightly rotate cervical vertebrae

128
Q

Posterior scalene

A

Acting together right and left posterior scaling elevate second ribs during deep inhalation
RMA: Flex cervical vertebrae acting singly laterally flex and slightly rotate cervical vertebrae

129
Q

Psoas major

A

Origin: Transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: With iliacus into lesser trochanter femur
Action: psoas major and iliacus Muscles acting together flex thigh at hip joint rotate bilaterally and flexed trunk on hip as in sitting up from supine position

130
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

Origin: Iliac crest sacrum and coccyx and aponeurosis of sacrospinalis
Insertion: Iliotibial tract of fascia Lata and superior lateral part of linea aspera under greater trochanter of femur
Action: Extends the at hip joint in laterally rotates the helps lock me in extension RMA extends torso

131
Q

Gluteus medius

A

Abduct thigh at hip joint medially rotates thigh

132
Q

Adductor longus

A

Addicts and flexes thigh at hip joint and rotates the RMA extended thigh

133
Q

Adductor Magnus

A

Adducts thigh at hip joint and rotates thigh, anterior part flexes thigh at hip joint, and posterior part extends that hip joint

134
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

Plantar flexes foot ankle joint flex is distal middle phalanges of toes 2 to 5 at interphalangeal joints and proximal phalanx of toes 2 to 5 at metatarsophalangeal joint

135
Q

Soleus

A

Plantar flexes foot ankle joint

136
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint and flexes leg at knee joint

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

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