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BIOL 235 > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell
located in epithelium of the nose
total area of 5 cm²

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2
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Occupies the superior part of the nasal cavity, inferior surface of the cribriform plate, and extending along the superior nasal concha

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3
Q

What are the three cells of the olfactory epithelium?

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cells
  2. Supporting cells
  3. Basal cells
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4
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

First order neurons of the olfactory pathway

bipolar neuron with an expose knob shaped dendrite

axon projecting through the cribriform plate that ends in the olfactory bulb

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5
Q

Olfactory cilia

A

Extends from the dendride of an olfactory receptor cell and is the site of olfactory transduction

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6
Q

Olfactory receptor

A

Located in the plasma membranes of the olfactory cilia

proteins that detect inhaled chemicals

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7
Q

Odorants

A

The chemicals that stimulate the olfactory receptors in the olfactory cilia

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8
Q

Supporting cells

A

Columnar epithelial cells of the mucus membrane lining the nose

provide physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for the old factory receptor cells

detoxify chemicals that come in contact with the olfactory epithelium

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9
Q

Basal cells

A

Stem cells located between the bases of the supporting cells

continually undergo cell division to produce new old factory receptor cells which live for two months

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10
Q

Olfactory glands or Bowmans glands

A

Produce mucus that is carried to the surface of the epithelium by ducts

moistening the surface of the olfactory epithelium

dissolves odorants so that transduction can occur

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11
Q

Olfactory transduction

A

When a receptor potential (depolarization) develops and triggers one or more nerve impulses

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12
Q

Gustation

A

Taste

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13
Q

What are the five primary taste?

A
  1. Salty
  2. Sour
  3. Sweet
  4. Bitter
  5. Umami
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14
Q

What is the taste salty caused by?

A

Sodium

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15
Q

What is the taste sour caused by?

A

Hydrogen ions

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16
Q

What is the taste sweet caused by?

A

Glucose, fructose, sucrose, aspartame, Saccharin, and sucralose

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17
Q

What is bitter taste caused by?

A

Wide variety of substances including caffeine, morphine, quinine, and many poisons

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18
Q

What is umami taste caused by?

A

Meaty or savoury caused by amino acids

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19
Q

What is the shape of a taste bud and what three cells are they consisted of?

A

Oval body containing supporting cells, gustatory receptor cells, and basal cells

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20
Q

In each taste bud how How many gustatory receptors cells are surrounded by a supporting cell?

A

50 Gustatory receptor cells

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21
Q

What and where are the gustatory microvilli?

A

Project from each gustatory receptor cell to the external surface through the taste poor

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22
Q

Taste pore

A

An opening in the taste bad

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23
Q

Basal cell of taste bud

A

Stem cells found at the perphery of the Tastebud near the connective tissue layer

produce supporting cells which develop into gustatory receptors cells every 10 days

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24
Q

Papillae of tastebuds

A

Taste buds are found in elevations on the tongue called papillae

They increase surface area and provide a rough texture to the upper surface of the tongue

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25
Q

What are the three papillae types that contain taste buds?

A
  1. Vallate papillae
  2. Fungiform papillae
  3. Foliate papillae
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26
Q

Vallate papillae

A

12 very large circular papillae form an inverted V shape row at the back of the tongue

housing 100 to 300 taste buds

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27
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

Mushroom shaped elevation scattered over the entire surface of the tongue

contain about five taste buds each

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28
Q

Foliate papillae

A

Located in small trenches on the lateral margins of the tongue

most of their taste buds degenerate in early childhood

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29
Q

Filiform papillae

A

Entire surface of the tongue

pointed thread like structures contain tactile receptors but no taste buds

increase friction between the tongue and food making it easier for the tongue to move food in the oral cavity

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30
Q

Tastants

A

Chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptors cells

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31
Q

Are all Receptor potential’s the same for different tastant?

A

No

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32
Q

How do you receptor potential’s arise for tastant other than salty and sour?

A

G proteins activate enzymes that produce the second messenger Inositol triphosphate which intern ultimately causes depolarization of the gustatory receptor cell and release of neural transmitter

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33
Q

Ophthalmology

A

The science that deals with the eyes and their disorders

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34
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

Energy in the form of waves that radiates from the sun

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35
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

The range of electromagnetic radiation

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36
Q

Visible light

A

Part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wave length ranging from about 400 to 700 nm

Visible light exhibits colours depending on its wavelength

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37
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

A

Eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles

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38
Q

What is the superior region of the upper eyelid?

A

Levatorpalpebrae superioris

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39
Q

What is the space between the upper and lower eyelid that exposes the eyeball?

A

Palpebral fissure

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40
Q

What are the angles of the palpebral fissure known as?

A

Lateral commisure
Medial commisure

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41
Q

What is contained in the lacrimal caruncle of the medial Commisure?

A

Sebaceous oil glands and sudoriferous sweat glands

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42
Q

What is the tarsal plate of the eyelid?

A

A thick fold of connective tissue that gives form and support to the eyelids

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43
Q

What is the embedded role of elongated, modified sebaceous glands on each tarsal plate known as?

A

Tarsal glands or meibomian glands

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44
Q

Conjunctiva

A

A thin protective mucous membrane composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells that is supported by areolar connective tissue

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45
Q

Palpebral conjunctiva

A

Lines the inner aspect of the eyelids

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46
Q

Bulbar conjunctiva

A

Passes from the eyelids onto the surface of the eyeball where it covers the sclera but not the cornea

over the sclera the conjunctiva is vascular

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47
Q

Sebaceous ciliary glands

A

Found at the base of the hair follicles of the eyelashes

release a lubricating fluid into the follicles

infection can cause a sty

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48
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A

Group of structures that produce and drain Lacrimal fluids or tears in a process called lacramation

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49
Q

Lacrimal glands

A

The size and shape of an almond

secrete Lacrimal fluid and drains into 6 to 12 excretory lacrimal ducts

that empty tears onto the surface of the conjunctiva of the upper lid then pass over the eye and enter two small openings called lacrimal puncta

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50
Q

What’s an infection of the lacrimal sacs called?

A

Dacryocystitis

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51
Q

What is the lacrimal fluid contain?

A

Watery solution containing salts mucus and lysozyme

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52
Q

Periorbital fat

A

Located in the boney orbit around extrinsic eye muscles

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53
Q

What do the six extrinsic eye muscles do?

A

Move the eye in almost every direction

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54
Q

Adult eyeball

A

Measures 2.5 cm in diameter

only anterior 1/6 is exposed

consists of three layers

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55
Q

What are the three layers of the wall of the eyeball?

A
  1. Fibrous tunic
  2. Vascular tunic
  3. Retina (inner tunic)
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56
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

Superficial layer of the eyeball

consist of the anterior cornea and posterior sclera

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57
Q

Cornea

A

A transparent coat that covers the coloured iris

because it’s curved the cornea helps focus light onto the retina

the outer surface consist of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

the middle coat consists of collagen fibres and fibroblasts

inner surface is simple squamous epithelium

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58
Q

Sclera

A

White of the eye

a layer of dense connective tissue made up of mostly collagen fibres and fibroblast

covers the entire eyeball except the cornea

gives shape to the eyeball, makes it more rigid, protects its inner parts and serves as a side of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscles

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59
Q

Sclera venous sinus or canal of schlemm

A

Located at the junction of the sclera and cornea an opening filled with aqueous humour fluid

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60
Q

Vascular tunic

A

Middle layer of the eyeball composed of choroid, ciliary body, and Iris

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61
Q

Choroid

A

Highly vascularized posterior portion of the vascular tunic

lines most of the internal surface of the sclera

provides nutrients to the posterior surface of the retina and also contains melanocytes which absorbs stray light rays; preventing reflection and scattering of light within the eyeball

62
Q

Ciliary body

A

Anterior portion of the vascular tunic

extends from the ora serrata to a point posterior to the junction of the sclera and cornea

appears dark brown in colour

consists of ciliary processes and ciliary muscle

63
Q

Culinary processes

A

Protrusions or folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body

contain blood capillaries that secrete aqueous humour

64
Q

Zonular fibers of eyeball

A

Extend from the ciliary process also called suspensory ligament

attach to the lens

fibres consist of thin Hollow fibres that resemble elastic connective tissue fibres

65
Q

Ciliary muscle of eyeball

A

Circular band of smooth muscle changes the tightness of the zonular fibres which alters the shape of the lens

66
Q

Iris

A

Coloured portion of the eyeball shaped like a flatten doughnut

suspended between the cornea and the lens and is attached at its outer margin to the ciliary process

consisting of melanocytes and circular and radial smooth muscle fibres

Regulates the amount of light going through the pupil

67
Q

Pupil

A

Whole in the centre of the iris, autonomic reflexes regulate pupil diameter in response to light levels

68
Q

Circular muscles of pupil

A

Or sphincter papillae, When bright lights stimulates the eye the iris contracts causing a decrease in the size of the pupil

69
Q

Radial muscles of pupil

A

Dilator papillae, In dim light sympathetic neurons stimulate the iris to contract causing an increase in pupil size

70
Q

Retina

A

Inner layer of the eyeball lines the posterior 3/4 of the eyeball and is the beginning of the visual pathway

71
Q

What are the different layers of the retina?

A

Optic disc - where the optic nerve exits the eyeball

central retinal artery

central retinal vein

pigmented layer

neural (sensory) layer - which processes visual data before sending nerve impulses into axons

72
Q

What are the three distinct layers of the retinal neurons?

A

Photo receptor cell layer, bipolar cell layer, and ganglion cell layer which are separated by two zones the outer and inner synaptic layers

73
Q

What are the other two types of cells present in the bipolar cell layer of the retina?

A

Horizontal cells and amacrine cells, Which form laterally directed neural circuits that modify the signals being transmitted along the pathway from photo receptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells

74
Q

Rods of eyeballs

A

Allow us to see in dim light such as moonlight, do not provide colour vision

75
Q

Cones of eyeball

A

Brighter light stimulate these which produce colour vision

three types of cones are present in the retina: blue cones, green cones, red cones

76
Q

Blind spot of eyeball

A

Optic disc, Contains no rods or cones we cannot see images that strikes the Blindspot

77
Q

Macula lutea of eyeball

A

Yellow spot, is in the exact centre of the posterior portion of the retina at the visual axis of the

78
Q

Fovea centralis

A

A small depression in the centre of the macula lutea contains only cones

The layers of bipolar and ganglion cells which scatter light do not cover the cones here

area of highest visual acuity

79
Q

Lens

A

Behind the pupil and Iris within the cavity of the eyeball contains proteins called Crystallins

Helps focus images on the retina to facilitate clear vision

80
Q

Crystallins

A

Within the cells of the lens

proteins arranged like the layers of an onion make up the refractive media of the lens

normally perfectly transparent and lacks blood vessels

81
Q

The lens divides the interior of the eyeball into what two cavities?

A

Anterior cavity and vitreous chamber

82
Q

Anterior cavity of eyeball

A

Consists of two chambers

anterior chamber between the cornea and Iris

posterior chamber lies behind the Iris and in front of the Zonular fibres and lens

both are filled with aqueous humour

83
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

Largest posterior cavity of the eyeball

lies between the lens and the retina

contains the vitreous body and hyaloid canal

84
Q

Vitreous body of the eyeball

A

A transparent jelly like substance that holds the retina flush against the cordoid giving the retina an even surface for the reception of clear images

85
Q

Hyaloid canal

A

A narrow channel that is inconspicuous in adults and runs through the vitreous body from the optic disc to the posterior aspect of the lens occupied by the hyaloid artery

86
Q

Refraction

A

When light rays travelling through transparent substance pass into a second transparent substance with a different density they bend at the junction between the two substances

87
Q

Images focussed on the retina or what?

A

Inverted (upside down)

88
Q

Accommodation

A

The increase in curvature of the lens for near vision

89
Q

Nearpoint of vision

A

The minimum distance from either an object can be clearly focussed with maximum accommodation

90
Q

Convex

A

A surface that curves outward, like the surface of a ball

91
Q

Concave

A

Surface the curves inward, like the hollow of a ball

92
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness, occurs when the eyeball is too long relative to the focussing power of the cornea and lens or when the lenses thicker

93
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness or hypermetropia, The eyeball length is short relative to the focussing power of the cornea and lens or the lenses thinner can see distant objects clearly but not close ones

94
Q

Astigmatism

A

Either the cornea or the lens has an irregular curvature as a result parts of the image are out of focus or vision is blurred or distorted

95
Q

Constriction of the pupil

A

Narrowing of the diameter of the hole through which light enters the eye due to the contraction of the circular muscles of the iris

96
Q

Convergence

A

Refers to medial movement of the two eyeballs so that both are directed towards the object being viewed

97
Q

Binocular vision

A

When both eyes focus on only one set of objects

98
Q

How are rods and cones named?

A

Due to the different appearances of the outer segment

99
Q

Does the transduction of light energy into receptor potential occurs in the outer segment of both rods and cones?

A

Yes

100
Q

What does the inner segment of photo receptors (rods and cones) contain?

A

Cell nucleus, Golgi complex, and many mitochondria

at the proximal end photo receptors expand into bulblike synaptic terminals filled with synaptic vesicles

101
Q

Photo pigment

A

The coloured protein that undergoes structural changes when it absorbs light in the outer segment of a photo receptor

102
Q

Rhodopsin

A

The single type of photo pigment in rods

103
Q

What are the three different cone photo pigments that are present in the retina?

A

Blue cones, green cones, and red cones

104
Q

Photo pigments associated with vision contain what two parts?

A

Glycolprotein known as opsin and a

derivative of vitamin A called retinal

105
Q

What are the four ways photo pigments respond to light?

A
  1. Isomerization
  2. Bleaching
  3. Conversion
  4. Regeneration
106
Q

Isomerization

A

When cis retinal absorbs a photon of light it straightens out to a shape called trans retinal

107
Q

Bleaching

A

In about a minute trans retinal completely separate from opsin. retinal is responsible for the colour of the photo pigment so the separation of trans retinal from opsin causes opsin to look colourless because of the colour change this is part of the cycle is term bleaching

108
Q

Conversion

A

An enzyme called retinal isomerase converts trans retinal back to sis retinal

109
Q

Regeneration

A

The cod-retinal then combine to opsin, reforming a functional photo pigment

110
Q

Photo transduction

A

The process by which light energy is converted into a receptor potential in the outer segment of a photo receptor

111
Q

Otorhinolaryngology

A

The science that deals with the ears, nose, pharynx, and larynx and their disorders

112
Q

What are the three main regions of the ear?

A
  1. External ear, which collect sound waves and channels them in word
  2. Middle ear, which convey sound vibrations to the oval window
  3. Internal ear, which houses the receptors for hearing and equilibrium
113
Q

What are the different parts of the external ear?

A

Auricle, external auditory canal, and eardrum

114
Q

Auricle or pinna

A

Flap of elastic cartilage shaped like the flared end of a trumpet and covered by skin
the rim of the oracle is the helix the inferior portion is the lobule

115
Q

External auditory canal of the outer ear

A

A curved tube about 2.5 cm long that lies on the temporal bone and leads to the eardrum

116
Q

Tympanic membrane or eardrum

A

A thin semi transparent partition between the external auditory canal and middle ear covered by epidermidis and lined by simple cuboidal epithelium

tearing of the tympanic membrane is called a perforated eardrum

117
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Specialized sweat glands that secrete earwax or cerumen

118
Q

Middle ear

A

A small air filled cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone that is line by epithelium

separated from the external ear by the tympanic membrane and from the internal ear by a boney partition that contains two small openings the oval window and the round window

attached to it is the auditory ossicles

119
Q

What are the auditory ossicles?

A

Malleus, incus, stapes

120
Q

Tensor tympani

A

Women’s movement and increases tension on the eardrum to prevent damage to the inner ear from loud noises

121
Q

Stapedius

A

Supplied by the facial nerve

the smallest Skeletal muscle in the human body

Decreases the sensitivity of hearing

122
Q

Hyperacusia

A

Abnormally sensitive hearing

123
Q

Auditory tube or Pharyngotympanic tube

A

Commonly known as the eustachian tube

consists of both bone and elastic cartilage

connects the middle ear with the nasal pharynx and is normally closed at its medial end

during swallowing and yawning it opens allowing air to enter or leave the middle ear

124
Q

Internal (inner) ear

A

Also called the labyrinth

consists of two main divisions outer boney labyrinth an inner membraneous labyrinth

125
Q

Boney labyrinth

A

Consists of three areas: the semi circular canals, the vestibule, and the cochlea

lined with Periosteum and contains perilymph

126
Q

Perilymph

A

Chemically similar to cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the membraneous labyrinth

127
Q

Membraneous labyrinth

A

A series of epithelial sacks and tubes inside the boney labyrinth that have the same general form as the bon labyrinth in house the receptors for hearing an equilibrium and contains endolymph

128
Q

Vestibule

A

Ovals central portion of the boney labyrinth

129
Q

What are the two sacs called in the membraneous labyrinth in the vestibule?

A

Utricle and saccule

130
Q

The vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve consist of what three nerves?

A

Ampullae, utricular, and saccular nerves

131
Q

Spiral organ

A

Coiled sheet of epithelial cells including supporting cells in about 16,000 hair cells which are receptors for hearing

132
Q

What are the two groups of hair cells?

A

Inner hair cells are arranged in a single row where is the outer hair cells are arranged in three rows

133
Q

What is at the apical tip of each hair cell?

A

Stereocilia That extends into the endolymph of the cochlear duct

134
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons located in the ear?

A

Spiral ganglion

135
Q

Tectorial membrane

A

A flexible gelatinous membrane covers the hair cells of the spiral organ

ends of the stereocilia are in bedded here

136
Q

Sound waves

A

Altering high and low pressure regions travelling in the same direction through some medium originating from a vibrating object in much the same way that ripples arise and travel over water

137
Q

Pitch

A

Frequency of a sound vibration

138
Q

Does this sound get louder or quieter the larger the intensity of the vibration?

A

Louder

139
Q

And how is sound intensity measured?

A

Decibels (dB)

140
Q

What are the events that are involved in hearing?

A
  1. Oracle direct sound waves into the external auditory canal
  2. Sound waves strike the Tim panic membrane causing it to vibrate back-and-forth
  3. Central area of the Timpanic membrane connects to the malice which vibrates along the Timpanic membrane transmitting from the malice to the Incas and then to the stapes
  4. The oval shaped footplate of the stapes which attaches to the circumference of the oval window vibrate in the oval window. The vibrations at the oval window are 20 times more vigourous than those of the tympanic membrane
  5. Movement of the Stapies at the oval window sets up fluid pressure waves in the PerriLymph of the cochlea as the oval window bulges in word it pushes on the Perilymph of the scala vestibuli
  6. Pressure waves are transmitted from the scala vestibuli to the scala tympani and eventually to the round window causing it to bulge outward into the middle ear
  7. pressure waves form the walls of the Scalea vestibuli and scala tympani they also push the vestibular membrane back-and-forth creating pressure waves in the endolymph inside the cochlear duct
  8. Pressure waves in the endolymph cause the basiliar membrane to vibrate which moves the hair cells of the spiral organ against the tectorial membrane this leads to bending of the stereocilia and ultimately to the generation of nerve impulses in first order neurons in cochlear nerve fibres
141
Q

Which sound frequency produces max vibrations in the base of the cochlea?

A

High frequency/high-pitched

142
Q

What frequency causes maximal vibrations of the basal membrane in the Apex of the cochlea?

A

Low frequency/ low pitched

143
Q

What are the receptor organs for equilibrium called? And what do they include?

A

Vestibular apparatus

Utricle and saccule of vestibule, and Semicircular ducts of the semicircular canals

144
Q

What are the two otolithic organs?

A

Utricle and saccule

145
Q

Macula

A

A small, thickened region attached to the inner walls of both the utricle and saccule

146
Q

What are the two types of cells of the maculae?

A

Hair cells (sensory receptors) and supporting cells

147
Q

What are Stereocilia and kinocilium collectively known as?

A

Hair bundle

148
Q

Otolithic membrane

A

Thick, gelatinous, glycoprotein layer

149
Q

Otoliths

A

Dense calcium carbonate crystals

150
Q

Ampulla

A

Dilated portion of each semicircular ducts

151
Q

Crista

A

Small elevation in the ampulla

Consists of a group of hair cells and supporting cells

152
Q

Cupula

A

A mass of gelatinous material that covers the crista

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

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