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BIOL 235 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Meninges definition

A

Three protective, connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain

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2
Q

What are the three meninges?

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
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3
Q

Dura mater

A
  1. Most superficial
  2. Thick strong layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue
  3. Forms a sack from the foramen magnum in the occipital bone, to meningeal duramater of the brain, to the second sacral vertebrae
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4
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A
  1. The middle layer
  2. Thin, avascular, made up of cells and thin loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibres
  3. Deep to the duramater and his continuous through the foreman magnum with the arachnoid Mater of the brain
  4. between the duramater and the arachnoid Mater is a thin subdural space which contains interstitial fluid
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5
Q

Pia matter

A
  1. Innermost meninges
  2. Send transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain
  3. Consists of thin squamous to cuboidal cells within interlacing bundles of collagen fibres and some fine elastic fibres
  4. Vascular supplies the nutrients and oxygen to the spinal cord
  5. Suspends the spinal cord in the middle of its dural sheath
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6
Q

Subdural space

A

Located between the duramater and the arachnoid Mater and contains interstitial fluid

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7
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A
  • Thickening of the pia Mater
  • they project laterally and fuse with arachnoid Mater an inner surface of the duramater between the anterior and posterior nerve root of spinal nerves on either side
  • protect the spinal cord against sudden displacement that could result in shock
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8
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Between arachnoid Mater and pia matter and contains shock absorbing cerebrospinal fluid

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9
Q

Cervical enlargement

A
  1. Superior enlargement
  2. Extends from the fourth cervical vertebrae C4 to the first thoracic vertebrae T1
  3. Nerves to and from the upper limbs arise from the cervical enlargement
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10
Q

Lumbar enlargement

A
  1. Inferior enlargement
  2. Extends from the ninth to the 12th thoracic vertebrae
  3. Nurse to and from the lower limbs arise from the lumbar enlargement
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11
Q

Conus medullaris

A
  1. The spinal cord terminates as a tapering conical structure
  2. Ends at the first and second lumbar vertebrae
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12
Q

Filum terminate

A
  1. Arises from the cornice medullaris
  2. Extension of the pia matter, fuses with the arachnoid and Dura Mater
  3. Anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
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13
Q

Spinal nerves

A

The paths of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body

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14
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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15
Q

Where do the 31 pairs of spinal nerves emerge?

A
  1. Eight pairs of cervical nerves
  2. 12 pairs of thoracic nerves
  3. Five pairs of lumbar nerves
  4. Five pairs of sacral nerves
  5. 1 pair of coccygeal nerves
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16
Q

Roots

A

Two bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord by even smaller bundles of axons called rootlets

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17
Q

Rootlets

A

Even smaller bundles of axons

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18
Q

Posterior root (dorsal)

A

Contain only sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs into the central nervous system

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19
Q

Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

A

Contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons

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20
Q

Anterior (ventral) root

A

Contain axons of motor neurons which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors

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21
Q

Cauda equina

A

Roots of lower spinal nerves that angle inferiority alongside the filum terminale in the vertebral canal like wisps of hair

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22
Q

White matter of spinal cord

A
  1. Surrounds grey matter
  2. Consist mostly of bundles of myelinated axons and neurons
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23
Q

What are the two grooves that puncture the white matter of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Anterior median fissure
  2. Posterior median sulcus
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24
Q

Gray commisure

A

Forms the crossbar of the H (gray matters shape in the spinal chord)

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25
Q

Central canal

A

Small space in gray commisure that extends the entire length of the spinal cord and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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26
Q

Anterior (ventral) white commisure

A

Anterior to gray commisure, connects the white matter of the right and left sides of the spinal cord

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27
Q

Nuclei

A

Clusters of neuronal cells bodies that form functional groups in the gray matter of the spinal cord and brain

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28
Q

Sensory nuclei

A

Receive input from receptors via sensory neurons

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29
Q

Motor nuclei

A

Provide output to effector tissues via motor neurons

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30
Q

Horns

A

How gray matter is subdivided on each side of the spinal cord

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31
Q

Posterior (dorsal) gray horns

A

Contain axons of incoming sensory neurons as well as cell bodies and axons of interneurons

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32
Q

Three regions of spinal white matter?

A
  1. Anterior (ventral) white columns
  2. Posterior (dorsal) white columns
  3. Lateral white columns
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33
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of axons in CNS, can extend up or down spinal tract

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34
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons in PNS

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35
Q

Sensory ( ascending) tracts

A

Consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses towards the brain

36
Q

Motor (descending) tracts

A

Tracks consisting of hacks on security nerve impulses from the brain

37
Q

Sensory input and motor output are processed how?

A
  1. Sensory receptors detect a sensory stimulus
  2. Sensory neurons convey the sensory input in the form of nerve impulses along the axons which extend from the sensory receptors into the spinal nerve and then into the posterior route from the posterior route axons of the sensory neurons may process along three possible paths
  3. Axons of sensory neurons may extend into the white matter of the spinal cord and descend to the brain as part of the sensory tract
  4. Axons of sensory neurons may enter the posterior gray horn and synapse with interneurons whose axons extend into the white matter of the spinal cord and then ascend to the brain as part of a sensory tract
  5. Axons of sensory neurons may enter the posterior gray horn and synapse with interneurons that intern synapse with somatic neurons that are involved in spinal motor reflex pathways
  6. Axons from higher brain centres form motor tracks that discend from the brain into the white matter of the spinal cord there they synapse with the somatic motor neurons either directly or indirectly by first synapsing with interneurons that intern snapse with somatic motor neurons
  7. When activated, somatic motor neurons convey motor output in the form of nerve impulses along their axons, which sequentially pass through anterior gray horn and anterior root to enter the spinal nerve
38
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands in all parts of the body

39
Q

Mixed nerve

A

When the posterior root contains sensory axons and the anterior root contains motor axons the spinal nerve is classified as a mixed nerve

40
Q

Endoneurium

A

Individual axons within a nerve, myelinated or unmyelinated, are wrapped in endoneurium, The inner most layer consist of mesh of collagen fibres fibroblasts and macrophages

41
Q

Perineum

A
  • Middle layer
  • Thicker layer of connective tissue
  • Consists of up to 15 layers of fibroblast within a network of collagen fibres
42
Q

Epineurium

A
  • Outer most layer of entire nerve
  • Consists of fibroblast and take collagen fibres
  • Extensions also fill the spaces between fascicles
  • Duramater of the spinal meninges fuses with the epineurium as the nerve passes through the intravertebral foramen
  • vascular
43
Q

Rami

A

The branches a spinal nerve divides into after passing through its intravertebral foramen

44
Q

Posterior ramus

A

Serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk

45
Q

Anterior ramus

A

Serves the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and the skin of the lateral and anterior surfaces of the trunk

46
Q

Meningeal branch

A

Re-enters the vertebral cavity through the intravertebral foramen and supplies the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord, and meninges

47
Q

Rami communicates

A

components of the autonomic nervous system

48
Q

Plexus

A

Networks on both the left and right side of the body joining various numbers of axons from anterior Rami of adjacent nerves other than in the thoracic nerve T2 to T12

49
Q

What are the principal plexuses

A
  1. Cervical plexus
  2. Brachial plexus
  3. Lumbar plexus
  4. Sacral plexus
  5. Smaller coccygeal plexus
50
Q

Intercostal nerves or thoracic nerves

A

The anterior rami of spinal nerves T2 to T12 do not enter into the formation of plexis and are known as this

51
Q

Dermatome

A

The area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves or the trigeminal five nerve is called a dermatome

52
Q

Cervical plexus

A
  • Is formed by the roots of the first four cervical nerves with contributions from C5
  • one on each side of the neck along side the first four cervical vertebrae
  • supplies the skin and muscles of the head neck and superior part of the shoulders and chest
53
Q

Brachial plexus

A
  1. Roots of spinal nerve C5 to see 8NT one form the brachial plexus extend inferiorly and laterally on either side of the last four cervical and first thoracic vertebrae
  2. Pass is above the first rib posterior to the clavicle and then enters the Scilla
  3. Brachial plexus provides almost the entire nerve supply of the shoulders and upper limbs
54
Q

Lumbar plexus

A
  1. The roots of spinal nerves L1 to L4 form the lumbar plexus unlike the brachial plexus there is minimal intermingling of fibres in the lumbar plexus
  2. Supplies the Antero lateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of the lower limbs
55
Q

Sacral plexus

A
  1. The roots of spinal nerves L4 to L5 and S1 to ask for form the sacral plexus
  2. Situated largely anterior to the sacrum
  3. Supplies the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs
  4. The largest nerve in the body the sciatic nerve arises from the sacral plexus
56
Q

What are the two principal functions of the spinal cord in maintaining homeostasis?

A
  1. Nerve impulse propagation
  2. Integration of information
57
Q

White matter tracks in the spinal cord or highway is for what?

A

Nerve impulse propagation

58
Q

What does gray matter do in the spinal cord?

A

Receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information

59
Q

Nerve impulses from sensory receptors propagate up the spinal cord to the brain along what two main routes?

A
  1. Spinothalamic tract
  2. Posterior column
60
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Conveys nerve impulses for conveying pain, tempature, itch, and tickle

61
Q

Posterior colum consists of what two tracts and what they convey?

A
  1. Gracile fasciculus
  2. Cuneate fasciculous
    Nerve impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception ( awareness of positions and movements of muscles, tendons, and joints)
62
Q

How does motor output travel to skeletal muscles in descending pathways?

A

Direct and indirect pathways

63
Q

What are the direct motor pathways?

A
  1. Lateral corticospinal
  2. Anterior corticospinal
  3. Corticobulbar tracts
64
Q

How do the direct motor pathways convey nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex?

A

Through voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

65
Q

What are the indirect motor pathways (extrapyramidal pathways)?

A
  1. Rubrospinal
  2. Tectospinal
  3. Vestibulospinal
  4. Lateral reticulospinal
  5. Medial reticulospinal
66
Q

What do the indirect motor pathways convey?

A
  1. Nerve impulses from brainstem to cause autonomic movements
  2. help coordinate body movements with visual stimuli
  3. Maintain skeletal muscle tone
  4. Sustain contraction of postural muscles
  5. Major role in equilibrium by regulating muscle tone in response to movements of the head
67
Q

Reflex

A

Fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus

68
Q

Spinal reflex

A

When integration takes place in the spinal cord gray matter
Example: knee jerk

69
Q

Cranial reflex

A

Occurs in brainstem
Example: tracking movement of eyes as you read

70
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

Contraction of skeletal muscle

71
Q

Autonomic reflexes (visceral)

A

Not consciously perceived, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Example: heart rate, digestion, urination, defecation

72
Q

What are the five reflex arcs?

A
  1. Sensory receptors
  2. Sensory neuron
  3. Integrating center
  4. Motor neuron
  5. Effector
73
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Distal end of sensory neuron (dendrite)
Responds to internal or external environment stimulus
Produces a graded potential called generator potential

74
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Nerve impulses propagate from sensory receptor along the axon of the sensory neuron to axon terminal, in gray matter of spinal cord and brain stem, relay neurons send nerve impulses to the area of the brain that allows conscious awareness that a reflex occured

75
Q

Integrating center

A

One or more regions of gray matter within the CNS acts as an integrating center. Simple reflex one synapse between sensory and motor neuron some are more complicated

76
Q

Motor neuron

A

Impulses triggered by the integrating centre propagate out of the CNS along a motor neuron to the part of the body that will respond

77
Q

Effector

A

The part of the body that responds to the motor nerve impulse such as a muscle or gland is the effector it’s action is a reflex

78
Q

Stretch reflex

A

Causes contraction of a skeletal muscle in response to stretching of the muscle

79
Q

Ipsilateral reflex

A

Sensory nerve impulses enter the spinal cord on the same side the motor nerve impulse leaves monosynaptic reflexs are always ipsilateral

80
Q

Muscle tone

A

How vigourously a muscle spindle response to tone the small degree of contraction while the muscle is at rest prevents overstretching

81
Q

Reciprocal innervation

A

Stretched muscles contract and antagonistic muscles relax simultaneously.
prevents conflict between opposing muscles and is vital to coordinating body movement

82
Q

Tendon reflex

A

Feedback mechanism to control muscle tension causes muscle relaxation before muscle foreskin cause Terrie always ipsilateral

83
Q

Tendon organs

A

Detecting respond to change in muscle tension caused by passive stretch or muscle contraction

84
Q

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex

A

Painful stimulus

85
Q

Intersegmental reflex arc

A

Nerve impulses from one sensory neuron ascend and descend in the spinal cord and activate interneurons in several segments of the spinal cord

86
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

Helps maintain balance

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

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