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BIOL 235 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Science of body structures and the relationship among them

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Science of body functions

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3
Q

What does the structure of a part of the body reflect?

A

It’s function

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4
Q

What are the six levels of organization in the body?

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organismal
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5
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest unit of matter that participated in chemical reactions

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6
Q

Chemical level

A

The very basic level consists of atoms and molecules

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7
Q

Molecules

A

Two or more atoms joined together

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8
Q

Cellular level

A

Molecules combine to form cells, basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

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9
Q

Cells are the?

A

Smallest living units in the human body

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10
Q

Tissue level

A

Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

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11
Q

Four basic types of tissues?

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue

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12
Q

Organ level

A

Different tissues joined together

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13
Q

Organs

A

Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes

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14
Q

System

A

Consists of related organs with a common function

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15
Q

Organismal level

A

All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism

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16
Q

Anabolism

A

Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

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17
Q

Responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

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18
Q

Metabolism

A

The some of all chemical process in the body

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19
Q

Catabolism

A

To break down complex chemical substances into simpler ones

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20
Q

Basic life processes

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
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21
Q

Movement, in terms of life processes

A

Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

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22
Q

Growth, in terms of life processes

A

Increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both

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23
Q

Differentiation, in terms of life processes

A

Development of a cell from an un specialized to a specialized state, precursor cells that can specialize cells are stem cells

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24
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintains stable conditions In the body

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25
Q

Fluid within cells

A

Intercellular fluid ICF

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26
Q

Fluid outside body cells

A

Extra-cellular fluid ECF

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27
Q

The ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissue is what?

A

Interstitial fluid

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28
Q

Blood plasma

A

ECF within blood vessels

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29
Q

ECF within lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph

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30
Q

ECF in and around brain and spinal cord is known as?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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31
Q

ECF in joints is referred to as?

A

Synovial fluid

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32
Q

ECF of the eyes is called what?

A

Aqueous humour and vitreous body

33
Q

What is continually being disturbed in the body?

A

Homeostasis

34
Q

Which systems provide the needed corrective measures in homeostasis?

A

Nervous and endocrine

35
Q

What are controlled conditions ?

A

Monitored variables, BP, body temp, BG levels

36
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Any disruption that changes a controlled condition

37
Q

What steps are a part of a feedback system?

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Control centre
  3. Effector
38
Q

What do receptors do?

A

Monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control centre

39
Q

What does the control centre do?

A

Sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed

40
Q

What is an efferent pathway?

A

Flows away from the control centre

41
Q

How does the control centre send out signals?

A

Nerve impulses or hormones

42
Q

What does the effector do?

A

Body structure that receives output from the control centre and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled conditions

43
Q

What does a negative feedback system do?

A

Reverses a change in a controlled condition

44
Q

What does a positive feedback system do?

A

Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. Like child birth, or when the body looses a lot of blood

45
Q

Prone position

A

Body is lying face down

46
Q

Supine position

A

Body is lying face up

47
Q

Major regions of the body?

A 
Head
Neck
Trunk
Upper limb
Lower limb
48
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure

49
Q

Inferior

A

Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure

50
Q

Anterior

A

Nearer to the front of the body

51
Q

Posterior

A

Nearer to the back of the body

52
Q

Medial

A

Nearer to the midline

53
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline

54
Q

Intermediate

A

Between two structures

55
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body as another structure

56
Q

Contra lateral

A

On the opposite side of the body from another stricture

57
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

58
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attached limb of the trunk

59
Q

Superficial

A

Toward or on the surface of the body

60
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body

61
Q

Planes

A

Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

62
Q

Sagittarius plane

A

Vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left side

63
Q

Midsagittal

A

Divided at the midline into equal left and right sides

64
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

Unequal right and left sides

65
Q

Frontal plane

A

Anterior and posterior

66
Q

Transverse

A

Superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

67
Q

Oblique plane

A

Any angle other than 90 degrees

68
Q

Section

A

Cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described

69
Q

Body cavities

A 
Spaces that enclose internal organs
Including:
1.cranial cavity
2. Thoracic cavity
3. Pericardial cavity
4. Mediastinum
5. Pleural cavity
6. Abdominopelvic cavity
70
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Formed by cranial bones and contains brains

71
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

72
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum

73
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds the lungs

74
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart

75
Q

Mediastinum

A

Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

76
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities

77
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine, serous membrane of this cavity is the peritoneum

78
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, internal organs of reproduction

79
Q

The nine Abdominopelvic regions?

A 
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar 
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right inguinal
Hypogastric
Left inguinal

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

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