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BIOL 235 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Science of body structures and the relationship among them

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Science of body functions

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3
Q

What does the structure of a part of the body reflect?

A

It’s function

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4
Q

What are the six levels of organization in the body?

A 
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
System
Organismal
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5
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest unit of matter that participated in chemical reactions

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6
Q

Chemical level

A

The very basic level consists of atoms and molecules

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7
Q

Molecules

A

Two or more atoms joined together

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8
Q

Cellular level

A

Molecules combine to form cells, basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals

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9
Q

Cells are the?

A

Smallest living units in the human body

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10
Q

Tissue level

A

Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

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11
Q

Four basic types of tissues?

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue

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12
Q

Organ level

A

Different tissues joined together

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13
Q

Organs

A

Structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes

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14
Q

System

A

Consists of related organs with a common function

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15
Q

Organismal level

A

All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism

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16
Q

Anabolism

A

Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

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17
Q

Responsiveness

A

The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes

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18
Q

Metabolism

A

The some of all chemical process in the body

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19
Q

Catabolism

A

To break down complex chemical substances into simpler ones

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20
Q

Basic life processes

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
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21
Q

Movement, in terms of life processes

A

Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

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22
Q

Growth, in terms of life processes

A

Increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both

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23
Q

Differentiation, in terms of life processes

A

Development of a cell from an un specialized to a specialized state, precursor cells that can specialize cells are stem cells

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24
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintains stable conditions In the body

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25
Fluid within cells
Intercellular fluid ICF
26
Fluid outside body cells
Extra-cellular fluid ECF
27
The ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissue is what?
Interstitial fluid
28
Blood plasma
ECF within blood vessels
29
ECF within lymphatic vessels
Lymph
30
ECF in and around brain and spinal cord is known as?
Cerebrospinal fluid
31
ECF in joints is referred to as?
Synovial fluid
32
ECF of the eyes is called what?
Aqueous humour and vitreous body
33
What is continually being disturbed in the body?
Homeostasis
34
Which systems provide the needed corrective measures in homeostasis?
Nervous and endocrine
35
What are controlled conditions ?
Monitored variables, BP, body temp, BG levels
36
What is a stimulus?
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition
37
What steps are a part of a feedback system?
1. Receptor 2. Control centre 3. Effector
38
What do receptors do?
Monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control centre
39
What does the control centre do?
Sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
40
What is an efferent pathway?
Flows away from the control centre
41
How does the control centre send out signals?
Nerve impulses or hormones
42
What does the effector do?
Body structure that receives output from the control centre and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled conditions
43
What does a negative feedback system do?
Reverses a change in a controlled condition
44
What does a positive feedback system do?
Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions. Like child birth, or when the body looses a lot of blood
45
Prone position
Body is lying face down
46
Supine position
Body is lying face up
47
Major regions of the body?
``` Head Neck Trunk Upper limb Lower limb ```
48
Superior
Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure
49
Inferior
Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure
50
Anterior
Nearer to the front of the body
51
Posterior
Nearer to the back of the body
52
Medial
Nearer to the midline
53
Lateral
Farther from the midline
54
Intermediate
Between two structures
55
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as another structure
56
Contra lateral
On the opposite side of the body from another stricture
57
Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
58
Distal
Farther from the attached limb of the trunk
59
Superficial
Toward or on the surface of the body
60
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
61
Planes
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts
62
Sagittarius plane
Vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left side
63
Midsagittal
Divided at the midline into equal left and right sides
64
Parasagittal plane
Unequal right and left sides
65
Frontal plane
Anterior and posterior
66
Transverse
Superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
67
Oblique plane
Any angle other than 90 degrees
68
Section
Cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described
69
Body cavities
``` Spaces that enclose internal organs Including: 1.cranial cavity 2. Thoracic cavity 3. Pericardial cavity 4. Mediastinum 5. Pleural cavity 6. Abdominopelvic cavity ```
70
Cranial cavity
Formed by cranial bones and contains brains
71
Vertebral canal
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
72
Thoracic cavity
Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum
73
Pleural cavity
Potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds the lungs
74
Pericardial cavity
Potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart
75
Mediastinum
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
76
Abdominopelvic cavity
Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
77
Abdominal cavity
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine, serous membrane of this cavity is the peritoneum
78
Pelvic cavity
Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, internal organs of reproduction
79
The nine Abdominopelvic regions?
``` Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right inguinal Hypogastric Left inguinal ```

BIOL 235 (28 decks)

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