Chapter 8 Terms Flashcards
pertaining to the anus
anal
pertaining to the cheeks
buccal
pertaining to the cheeks and lips
buccolabial
pertaining to the cecum
cecal
pertaining to the gallbladder
cholecystic
pertaining to the colon
colonic
pertaining to the colon and rectum
colorectal
pertaining to the gallbladder
cystic
pertaining to teeth
dental
pertaining to the duodenum
duodenal
pertaining to the small intestine
enteric
pertaining to the esophagus
esophageal
pertaining to the stomach
gastric
pertaining to the stomach and intestines
gastrointestinal
pertaining to the gus
gingival
pertaining to the tongue
glossal
pertaining to the liver
hepatic
pertaining to under the tongue
hypoglossal
pertaining to the ileum
ileocecal
pertaining to the jejunum
jejunal
pertaining to the lips
labial
pertaining to the tongue
lingual
pertaining to the nose and stomach
nasogastric
pertaining to the mouth
oral
pertaining to the pancreas
pancreatic
pertaining to around the teeth
periodontal
pertaining to the pharynx
pharyngeal
pertaining to the pylorus
pyloric
pertaining to the rectum
rectal
pertaining to the sigmoid colon
sigmoidal
pertaining to under the tongue
sublingual
pertaining to under the mandible
submandibular
branch of healthcare involved with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of condition involving the teeth, jaw, and mouth
dentistry
branch of medicine involved in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the digestive system
gastroenterology
branch of dentistry that uses surgical means to treat dental conditions
oral surgery
branch of dentistry concerned with correction of tooth alignment problem
orthodontics
branch of dentistry concerned with treating conditions involving the gum and tissues surrounding the teeth
periodontics
branch of medicine involved in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the anus and rectum
proctology
loss of appetite that may accompany other conditions; different from anorexia nervosa
anorexia
being unable to swallow or eat
aphagia
collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
ascites
having a slow digestive system
bradypepsia
weight loss and generalized wasting that occurs during chronic disease
cachexia
gallbladder pain
cholecystalgia
difficult or infrequent defecation
constipation
tooth pain
dentalgia
passing of frequent, watery, or bloody bowel movements
diarrhea
abnormal appetite; usually a diminished appetite
dysorexia
indigestion; having an upset stomach
dyspepsia
having difficulty swallowing or eating
dysphagia
vomiting
emesis
burping of gas or stomach acid into the mouth; belching
eructation
presence of excess gas in the stomach or intestines
flatulence
stomach pain
gastralgia
vomiting blood
hematemesis
passing bright red blood in the stool
hematochezia
excessive vomiting
hyperemesis
yellow vast to the skin, mucous membranes, and white of the eyes; caused by the deposit of bile pigment
jaundice
passage of dark tarry stool due to digested blood
melena
urge to vomit
nausea
having too much body fat leading to a body weight that is above a healthy level
obesity
excessive eating
polyphagia
after a meal
postprandial
pain and burning sensation usually caused by stomach acid splashing into the esophagus; heartburn
pyrosis
return of fluid and solids from the stomach into the mouth
regurgitation
painful ulcers in the mouth of unknown origin; commonly called canker sores
aphthous ulcers
congenital anomaly in which the upper lip and jawbone fail to fuse in the midline, leaving a gap
cleft lip
congenital anomaly in which the roof of the mouth has a split or fissure
cleft palate
decay and disintegration of teeth cause by bacteria; tooth cavity
dental caries
inflammation of the gums
gingivitis
infection of the lip by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1; also called fever blisters or cold sores
herpes labialis
disease of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gus and bones; most common cause of tooth loss
periodontal disease
inflammation of a salivary gland
sialadenitis
enlarged and swollen varicose veins in the lower end of the esophagus; rupture results in serious hemorrhage
esophageal varices
condition in which acid from the stomach flows backward into the esophagus, causing inflammation and pain
gastroesophageal reflux disease
paralysis of the throat muscles
pharyngoplegia `
cancerous tumor in the stomach
gastric carcinoma
inflammation of the stomach
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach and small intestine
gastroenteritis
protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm and into the thoracic cavity; also called diaphragmatocele
hiatal hernia
ulcer in the lower portion of the esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum; thought to be cause by the acid in gastric juices and may be a result of helicobacter pylori infection
peptic ulcer disease
abnormal tube-like passage from the surface around the anal opening directly into the rectum
anal fistula
inflammation of the appendix
appendicitis
inability to control defecation
bowel incontinence
autoimmune condition affecting the small intestine; caused by reaction to eating gluten; symptoms include bloating, pain, diarrhea, and nutritional deficiencies
celiac disease
cancerous tumor originating in the colon or rectum
colorectal carcinoma
form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease primarily affecting the ileum and/or colon; affects all layers of the bowel wall, resulting in scarring and thickening; also called regional ileitis
Crohn’s disease
inflammation of a diverticulum, or outpouching of the gut; often results from food being trapped inside
diverticulitis
condition of having diverticula; may lead to diverticulitis
diverticulosis
disease characterized by diarrhea, often with mucus and blood, severe abdominal pain, fever, and dehydration
dysentery
inflammation of the small intestine
enteritis
varicose veins in the rectum and anus
hemorrhoids
severe abdominal pain, inability to pass stool, vomiting, and abdominal distension as a result of intestinal blockage
ileus
protrusion of a loop of small intestine into the inguinal region through a weak spot in the abdominal wall
inguinal hernia
result of the intestine slipping or telescoping into another section of intestine just below it
intussusception
disturbance in the function of the intestine from unknown causes; symptoms include abdominal discomfort and alteration in bowel activity
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
presence of small tumors called polyps in the mucous membranes of the large intestine; may be precancerous
polyposis
prolapsed or drooping rectum and anus
proctoptosis
chronic inflammatory bowel disease
ulcerative colitis
condition in which the bowel twists upon itself, causing an obstruction
volvulus
inflammation of the gallbladder; most commonly caused by gallstones
cholecystitis
presence of gallstones; may or may not cause symptoms
cholelithiasis
chronic liver disease; associated with failure of the liver to function properly
cirrhosis
inflammation of the liver, usually due to a viral infection
hepatitis
liver tumor
hepatoma
inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
enzyme normally present in the blood; levels are increased in persons with liver disease
alanine transaminase (ALT)
enzyme normally present in the blood; levels are increased in persons with liver disease
aspartate transaminase (AST)
laboratory test to determine whether microscopic amounts of blood are present in feces; also called hemoccult or stool guaiac test
fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
test to diagnose H. pylori infection associated with peptic ulcer disease
H. pylori antibody test
examination of feces to detect the presence of parasites or their eggs
ova and parasites (O&P)
test to determine the amount of bilirubin in bloodstream; elevated levels indicate liver disease
serum bilirubin
test of feces to look for the presence of pathogenic bacteria
stool culture
blood test for celiac disease; detects antibodies formed in autoimmune response to gluten
tissue transglutaminase antibody test (tTG)
x-ray taken with part of the film holder positioned between and parallel to the teeth
bitewing x-ray
x-ray image of the gallbladder
cholecystogram
x-ray of the gallbladder and bile ducts after intravenous injection of dye
intravenous cholecystography
x-ray image of the colon and rectum taken after the administration of barium by enema; also called barium enema (BE)
lower gastrointestinal series (lower GI series)
x-ray of the liver and bile ducts after injection of contrast medium directly into the liver
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
x-ray of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum taken after oral administration of barium contrast material; also called a barium swallow
upper gastrointestinal series (UGI)
instrument used to view inside the colon
colonoscope
process of visually examining the colon by passing a colonoscope through the anus and rectum
colonoscopy
procedure used to visualize the hepatic duct, common bile duct, and pancreatic duct; involves use of an endoscope, x-rays, and contrast dye
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
use of a flexible fiberoptic scope to visualize the esophagus, stomach, and beginning of the duodenum
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
instrument used to view inside the stomach
gastroscope
procedure in which a flexible gastroscope is passed through the mouth and down the esophagus to visualize inside the stomach
gastroscopy
instrument used to view inside the abdominal cavity
laparoscope
procedure in which a lighted laparoscope is passed through the abdominal wall and used to visually examine the abdominal cavity
laparoscopy
instrument used to view inside the sigmoid colon
sigmoidoscope
procedure in which a flexible sigmoidoscope is used to visually examine the sigmoid colon
sigmoidoscopy
method of determining whether a person’s weight is healthy; involves dividing weight in kilograms by height in square meters, then comparing the result to a predefined range of values
body mass index (BMI)
insertion of a needle into the abdominal cavity to withdraw fluid
paracentesis
dental appliance to replace missing teeth; is attached to adjacent teeth for support
bridge
artificial covering for a tooth created to replace the original enamel
crown
partial or complete set of artificial teeth
denture
removal or “pulling” of teeth
extraction
surgical removal of gum tissue that has pulled away from the teeth
gingivectomy
prosthetic device in jaw to anchor a tooth
implant
treatment involving pulp cavity of the root of a tooth; used to save infected teeth
root canal
injection of fluid through the rectum and into the large intestine
enema
use of a nasogastric tube to place liquid nourishment in the stomach
gavage
use of a nasogastric. tube to wash out the stomach
lavage
insertion of a flexible catheter through the nose and down the esophagus to the stomach
nasogastric intubation
providing 100% of a patient’s nutrition intravenously
total parenteral nutrition
surgical creation of a connection between two organs or vessels
anastomosis
surgical removal of the appendix
appendectomy
group of surgical procedures to treat morbid obesity by reducing stomach size or diverting food from part of the alimentary canal
bariatric surgery
surgical removal of the gallbladder
cholecystectomy
crushing of a gallstone in the common bile duct
choledocholithotripsy
surgical removal of the colon
colectomy
surgical creation of an opening of some portion of the color through the abdominal wall to the outside surface of the body
colostomy
surgical removal of diverticulum
diverticulectomy
abdominal operation for the purpose of examining the abdominal organs and tissues for signs of disease or abnormalities
exploratory laparotomy
surgical removal of an anal fistula
fistulectomy
laparoscopic bariatric surgical procedure that places a restrictive band around the top portion of the stomach
gastric banding
bariatric surgical procedure that divides the stomach into two portions, then connects the upper portion directly to the small intestine
gastric bypass
surgical removal of the stomach
gastrectomy
procedure that closes off a large section of the stomach with staples
gastric stapling
surgical procedure to create an opening in the stomach
gastrostomy
surgical removal of hemorrhoids from the anorectal area
hemorrhoidectomy
surgical repair of a hernia; also called herniorrhaphy
hernioplasty
surgical creation of an opening in the ileum
ileostomy
surgical removal of the gallbladder through a small abdominal incision using a laparoscope
laparoscopic cholecystectomy
surgical incision into the abdomen
laparotomy
implantation of a donor liver
liver transplant
surgical repair of the palate
palatoplasty
surgical repair of the throat
pharyngoplasty
surgical fixation of the rectum and anus
proctopexy
suppresses appetite to treat obesity
anorexiant
neutralizes stomach acid
antacid
used to control diarrhea
antidiarrheal
treat nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness
antiemetic
used to treat herpes simplex infection
herpes antivirals
blocks H2-receptors in the stomach, reducing acid production
H2-receptor antagonist
treats constipation by stimulating a bowel movement
laxative
blocks the stomach’s ability to secrete acid
proton pump inhibitor
before meals
ac
alanine transaminase
ALT
aspartate transaminase
AST
barium
Ba
barium enema
BaE, BE
bowel movement
BM
body mass index
BMI
bowel sounds
BS
common bile duct
CBD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
EGD
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ERCP
fecal occult blood test
FOBT
gallbladder
GB
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GERD
gastrointestinal
GI
helicobacter pylori
H. pylori
hepatitis A virus
HAV
hepatitis B virus
HBV
hydrochloric avid
HCl
hepatitis C virus
HCV
hepatitis D virus
HDV
hepatitis E virus
HEV
herpes simplex virus type 1
HSV-1
inflammatory bowel disease
IBD
irritable bowel syndrome
IBS
intravenous cholangiography
IVC
nausea and vomiting
N&V
nasogastric (tube)
NG
nothing by mouth
NPO
ova and parasites
O&P
after meals
pc
by mouth
PO
postprandial
pp
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
PTC
peptic ulcer disease
PUD
every
q
every morning
qam
every hour
qh
total parenteral nurtition
TPN
tissue transglutaminase
tTG
upper gastrointestinal series
UGI
