Chapter 12 Terms Flashcards
pertaining to the head
cephalic
pertaining to the cerebellum
cerebellar
pertaining to the cerebrum
cerebral
pertaining to the cerebrum and spine
cerebrospinal
pertaining to the skull
cranial
pertaining to the brain
encephalic
pertaining to within the skull
intracranial
pertaining to inside the meninges
intrathecal
pertaining to the medulla oblongata
medullary
pertaining to the meninges
meningeal
pertaining to the spinal cord
myelonic
pertaining to nerves
neural
pertaining to glial cells
neuroglial
pertaining to the pons
pontine
pertaining to the spine
spinal
pertaining to under the dura mater
subdural
pertaining to the thalamus
thalamic
pertaining to the ventricles
ventricular
pertaining to the vertebrae
vertebral
branch of medicine specializing in all aspects of anesthesia, including for surgical procedures, resuscitation measures, and the management of acute and chronic pain
anesthesiology
branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and condition of the nervous system
neurology
branch of medicine concerned with treating conditions and diseases of the nervous systems by surgical means
neurosurgery
epileptic seizure characterized by loss of awareness and absence of activity; formerly called a petit mal seizure
absence seizure
absence of pain
analgesia
lack of feeling or sensation
anesthesia
inability to communicate verbally or in writing due to damage to the language centers of the brain
aphasia
lack of muscle coordination
ataxia
sensations occurring prior to epileptic seizure or migraine; seeing colors or smelling odors
aura
a headache
cephalalgia
state of profound unconsciousness
coma
condition of being awake and aware of surroundings
conscious
severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations
convulsion
abnormal mental state of confusion, disorientation, and agitation
delirium
progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with activities of daily living
dementia
difficulty communicating verbally or in writing
dysphasia
seizure in only one limb or body part
focal seizure
weakness on one side of body
hemiparesis
paralysis on one side of body
hemiplegia
abnormally heightened sense of feeling, sense of pain, or sensitivity to touch
hyperesthesia
muscle weakness in one limb
monoparesis
paralysis of one limb
monoplegia
nerve pain
neuralgia
temporary or permanent loss of ability to control movements
palsy
temporary or permanent loss of voluntary movement
paralysis
paralysis of the lower portion of the body
paraplegia
abnormal sensations such as burning or tingling
paresthesia
paralysis of all four limbs
quadriplegia
sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms, such as in epileptic seizure
seizure
state of being aware of surroundings and responding to stimuli only part of the time
semiconscious
fainting
syncope
epileptic seizure with strong muscle spasms and loss of consciousness; formerly called a grand mal seizure
tonic-clonic seizure
involuntary repetitive alternating movements of a body part
tremor
state of being unaware of surroundings and unable to respond to stimuli
unconscious
disorder characterized by dementia, progressive disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
congenital defect in which parts of the brain do not develop; fatal soon after birth
anencephaly
tumor originating in star-shaped neuroglial cells called astrocytes
astrocytoma
benign or malignant intracranial mass; dangerous because it causes pressure
brain tumor
inflammation of cerebellum
cerebellitis
localized, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel; ruptured aneurysm is a common cause of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident
cerebral aneurysm
bruising of brain from a blow or impact
cerebral contusion
brain damage resulting from defect, trauma, infection, or oxygen deprivation before, during, or shortly after birth
cerebral palsy (CP)
infarct due to loss of blood supply to the brain; commonly called a stroke
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
characterized by blows to the head that result in progressive degeneration of brain tissue
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
mild traumatic brain injury from a blow or impact
concussion
inflammation of the brain
encephalitis
seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain
epilepsy
Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles; treated with the creation of an artificial shunt
Hydrocephalus
Specific type of headache with severe pain light sensitivity dizziness and nausea
 migraine
Chronic disorder of the brain with fine tremors, muscle weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait
Parkinson’s disease
Combination of acute encepalopathy and organ damage; follows viral infection; also associated with aspirin
Reye’s syndrome 
Caused by violent shaking symptoms include subdural hematoma brain swelling and retinal bleeding
Shaken baby syndrome (SBS)
Temporary interference with blood supply to brain may lead to a CVA
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Damage to the brain resulting from impact blast waves or a penetrating projectile
Traumatic brain injury
Condition of degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord also called Lou Gehrig’s disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Extrusion of the meninges through an opening in the vertebral column
Meningocele
Inflammation of the spinal cord
Myelitis
Protrusion of the meninges of the spinal cord for an opening in the vertebral column
Myelomeningocele
Viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord paralysis may be mild and temporary or severe and permanent
Poliomyelitis
Congenital defect where laminae of the vertebra do not meet or close to form the spinal canal
Spina bifida
Damaged and spinal cord due to trauma; cord may be bruised or severed
Spinal cord injury (SCI)
One sided facial paralysis due to facial nerve inflammation inflammation is typically viral and nature most patients recover
Bell’s palsy
loss of myelin sheath from nerves; may be autoimmune; begins in the legs and progresses up toward the trunk
Guillain-Barre syndrome
inflammatory disease of the CNS; causes weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin sheath from nerves; plaques appear
multiple sclerosis (MS)
muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse
myasthenia gravis
tumor of a nerve or the sheath around a nerve
neuroma
general term for disease of or damage to a nerve
neuropathy
inflammation of two or more nerves
polyneuritis
inflammation of a nerve root
radiculitis
condition caused by herniated disc putting pressure on a nerve root
radiculopathy
eruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path; caused by Herpes zoster virus
shingles
sudden, sharp pain in an area of the face served by the trigeminal cranial nerve; usually caused by pressure on and irritation of the nerve
trigeminal neuralgia
mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord
epidural hematoma
tumor in the meninges
meningioma
inflammation of the meninges due to viral or bacterial infection
meningitis
mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater due to a tear in the meninges; can exert fatal pressure on the brain
subdural hematoma
examination of the CSF; may detect infections and blood in the fluid
cerebrospinal fluid analysis
image of the brain taken after injection of radioactive isotopes into the bloodstream
brain scan
x-ray of the blood vessels of the brain after injection of radiopaque dye
cerebral angiography
recording of ultrasonic echoes in the brain
echoencephalography
x-ray record of the spinal cord
myelogram
x-ray of the spinal canal following injection of radiopaque dye
myelography
image of the brain cut along a plane produced by measuring gamma rays emitted after injection with radioactive glucose; glucose uptake by the tissue is indicative of metabolic activity
positron emission tomography (PET)
reflex test that reveals nervous system lesions; performed by stroking the sole of the foot
babinski’s reflex
a record of the brains electrical patterns
electroencephalogram (EEG)
a recording of the electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp; also used during sleep studies
electroencephalography (EEG)
puncture with a needle in the lumbar area to remove CSF for examination or to inject anesthesia
lumbar puncture
measures the speed at which an impulse travels along a nerve; receals nerve damage
nerve conduction velocity
administration of medication to produce a loss of feeling or sensation
anesthesia
produces loss of consciousness and absence of pain sensation
general anesthesia (GA)
route for administering general anesthesia via injection into a vein
intravenous anesthesia (IV)
route for administering general anesthesia by breathing it in
inhalation anesthesia
produces loss of sensation in a localized part of the body; does not cause a loss of consciousness
local anesthesia
interrupts pain sensation in a region of the body; anesthetic in injected near the nerve that will be blocked
regional anesthesia
method of applying local anesthesia under the skin; used to deaden sensation in the skin prior to suturing
subcutaneous anesthesia
method of applying local anesthesia by placing a liquid or gel directly on the skin
topical anesthesia
removes blockage of major artery in the neck that carries blood to the brain
carotid endarterectomy
shunt carries CSF from the ventricles to abdominal cavity; treats hydrocephalus
cerebrospinal fluid shunt
removes part of a vertebra; relieves pressure on a spinal nerve
laminectomy
surgical removal of a nerve
neurectomy
surgical repair of a nerve
neuroplasty
suturing of the connective tissue of around a nerve
neurorrhaphy
precise, surgical cutting of a nerve tract; treats severe chronic pain
tractotomy
treats minor to moderate pain without loss of consciousness
analgesic
produces loss of sensation or loss of consciousness
anesthetic
reduces nerve excitability to prevent seizures
anticonvulsant
treat parkinson’s disease
dopaminergic drugs
promotes sleep
hypnotic
treats severe pain; protentially habit forming
narcotic analgesic
has a calming or relaxing effect
sedative
AD
alzheimer’s disease
AHT
abusive head trauma
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ANS
autonomic nervous system
CNS
central nervous system
CP
cerebral palsy
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CTE
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
CVD
cerebrovascular disease
EEG
electroencephalogram, electroencephalography
GA
general anesthesia
HA
headache
ICP
intracranial pressure
IV
intravenous
LP
lumbar puncture
MS
multiple sclerosis
PET
positron emission tomography
PNS
peripheral nervous system
SBS
shaken baby syndrome
SCI
spinal cord injury
TBI
traumatic brain injury
TIA
transient ischemic attack
VS
vital signs
dread in the absence of a clearly identifiable stress trigger
generalized anxiety disorder
intense apprehension of terror or a sense of impending danger
panic disorder
irrational fears
phobias
alternation between period of deep depression and mania; patients experience extreme emotions that may change rapidly
bipolar disorder (BPD)
feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and worthlessness; lack of pleasure in activities; potential for suicide
major depressive disorder
extreme elation and hyperactivity; talkativeness, impaired judgement, and distractibility; grandiose delusions
mania
violent rages
explosive disorder
impulse to steal things
kleptomania
uncontrollable impulse to set fire
pyromania
loss of memory
dissociative amnesia
having two or more distinct personalities
dissociative identity disorder
voiding feces in inappropriate places after toilet training
encopresis
voiding urine in inappropriate places after toilet training
enuresis
distorted body image, pathological fear of becoming fat, and severe weight loss due to excessive dieting
anorexia nervosa
binge eating followed by intentional vomiting
bulimia
identifying as a gender contrary to the birth gender; may be male to female (MTF) or female to male (FTM)
gender dysphoria
inattention and impulsive behavior
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
deficits in social interaction and communication skills; restricted patterns of behavior
autism spectrum disorder
below-average intellectual functioning
intellectual development disorder
performing repetitive rituals to reduce anxiety from persistent thoughts, ideas, or impulses
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
sexual interest in children
pedophilic disorder
sexual gratification derived from being hurt or abused
sexual masochism disorder
sexual gratification derived from observing other engaged in sexual acts
voyeuristic disorder
behaviors that are against legal or social norms
antisocial personality disorder
an abnormal sense of self-importance
narcissistic personality disorder
exaggerated feelings of persecution
paranoid personality disorder
false beliefs held in the face of contrary evidence
delusional disorder
perceptions of things that are not there
hallucinations
difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection
erectile dysfunction
ejaculation of semen before or shortly after penetration
premature ejaculation
condition of the inability to sleep
insomnia disorder
recurring episodes of sleeping during daytime; difficulty sleeping at night
narcolepsy
anxiety transformed into physical symptoms like heart palpitations, paralysis, or blindness
conversion disorder
physical symptoms that cause distress and disrupt daily life; patient is preoccupied with the symptoms and shows behavior based on the symptoms
somatic symptom disorder (SSD)
inability to stop gambling
gambling disorder
overindulgence in or dependence on chemical substances including alcohol, illegal drugs, and prescription drugs
substance use disorder
impaired social interactions and capacity to work as a result of exposure to actual or implied death, serious injury, or sexual violence
post-traumatic stress disorder
placement of electrodes on the sides of the head to conduct a mild electric shock; causes a convulsive seizure; patient in anesthetized and administered muscle relaxants
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
stimulants that alter mood by affecting levels of neurotransmitters; non addictive but may have unpleasant side effects
antidepressant drugs
tranquilizers that reduce agitation and panic; major side effect is involuntary muscle movements
antipsychotic drugs
special category of drug to calm patients with bipolar disorder
lithium
CNS depressants used for anxiety
minor tranquilizers
patients are encouraged to state and discuss goals and then find ways to achieve them
family or group therapy
patients are taught how to use internal resources to deal with problems in an atmosphere that builds self-esteem
humanistic therapy
patients are encouraged to discuss repressed, painful, or hidden experiences in the hope of eliminating or minimizing the problems they cause
psycho-analysis
ADD
attention-deficit disorder
ADHD
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
BPD
bipolar depression
CA
chronological age
DSM
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
ECT
electroconvulsive therapy
FTM
female to male
MA
mental age
MMPI
minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
MTF
male to female
OCD
obsessive-compulsive disorder
PTSD
post-traumatic stress disorder
SAD
seasonal affective diorder
SSD
somatic symptom disorder
