Chapter 12 Terms Flashcards by Theran Schmitt

pertaining to the head

cephalic

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pertaining to the cerebellum

cerebellar

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pertaining to the cerebrum

cerebral

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pertaining to the cerebrum and spine

cerebrospinal

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pertaining to the skull

cranial

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pertaining to the brain

encephalic

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pertaining to within the skull

intracranial

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pertaining to inside the meninges

intrathecal

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pertaining to the medulla oblongata

medullary

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pertaining to the meninges

meningeal

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pertaining to the spinal cord

myelonic

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pertaining to nerves

neural

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pertaining to glial cells

neuroglial

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pertaining to the pons

pontine

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pertaining to the spine

spinal

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pertaining to under the dura mater

subdural

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pertaining to the thalamus

thalamic

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pertaining to the ventricles

ventricular

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pertaining to the vertebrae

vertebral

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branch of medicine specializing in all aspects of anesthesia, including for surgical procedures, resuscitation measures, and the management of acute and chronic pain

anesthesiology

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branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and condition of the nervous system

neurology

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branch of medicine concerned with treating conditions and diseases of the nervous systems by surgical means

neurosurgery

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epileptic seizure characterized by loss of awareness and absence of activity; formerly called a petit mal seizure

absence seizure

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absence of pain

analgesia

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lack of feeling or sensation

anesthesia

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inability to communicate verbally or in writing due to damage to the language centers of the brain

aphasia

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lack of muscle coordination

ataxia

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sensations occurring prior to epileptic seizure or migraine; seeing colors or smelling odors

aura

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a headache

cephalalgia

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state of profound unconsciousness

coma

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condition of being awake and aware of surroundings

conscious

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severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations

convulsion

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abnormal mental state of confusion, disorientation, and agitation

delirium

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progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with activities of daily living

dementia

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difficulty communicating verbally or in writing

dysphasia

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seizure in only one limb or body part

focal seizure

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weakness on one side of body

hemiparesis

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paralysis on one side of body

hemiplegia

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abnormally heightened sense of feeling, sense of pain, or sensitivity to touch

hyperesthesia

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muscle weakness in one limb

monoparesis

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paralysis of one limb

monoplegia

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nerve pain

neuralgia

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temporary or permanent loss of ability to control movements

palsy

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temporary or permanent loss of voluntary movement

paralysis

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paralysis of the lower portion of the body

paraplegia

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abnormal sensations such as burning or tingling

paresthesia

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paralysis of all four limbs

quadriplegia

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sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms, such as in epileptic seizure

seizure

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state of being aware of surroundings and responding to stimuli only part of the time

semiconscious

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fainting

syncope

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epileptic seizure with strong muscle spasms and loss of consciousness; formerly called a grand mal seizure

tonic-clonic seizure

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involuntary repetitive alternating movements of a body part

tremor

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state of being unaware of surroundings and unable to respond to stimuli

unconscious

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disorder characterized by dementia, progressive disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

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congenital defect in which parts of the brain do not develop; fatal soon after birth

anencephaly

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tumor originating in star-shaped neuroglial cells called astrocytes

astrocytoma

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benign or malignant intracranial mass; dangerous because it causes pressure

brain tumor

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inflammation of cerebellum

cerebellitis

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localized, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel; ruptured aneurysm is a common cause of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident

cerebral aneurysm

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bruising of brain from a blow or impact

cerebral contusion

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brain damage resulting from defect, trauma, infection, or oxygen deprivation before, during, or shortly after birth

cerebral palsy (CP)

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infarct due to loss of blood supply to the brain; commonly called a stroke

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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characterized by blows to the head that result in progressive degeneration of brain tissue

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

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mild traumatic brain injury from a blow or impact

concussion

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inflammation of the brain

encephalitis

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seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain

epilepsy

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Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles; treated with the creation of an artificial shunt

Hydrocephalus

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Specific type of headache with severe pain light sensitivity dizziness and nausea

migraine

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Chronic disorder of the brain with fine tremors, muscle weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait

Parkinson’s disease

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Combination of acute encepalopathy and organ damage; follows viral infection; also associated with aspirin

Reye’s syndrome

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Caused by violent shaking symptoms include subdural hematoma brain swelling and retinal bleeding

Shaken baby syndrome (SBS)

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Temporary interference with blood supply to brain may lead to a CVA

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

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Damage to the brain resulting from impact blast waves or a penetrating projectile

Traumatic brain injury

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Condition of degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord also called Lou Gehrig’s disease

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

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Extrusion of the meninges through an opening in the vertebral column

Meningocele

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Inflammation of the spinal cord

Myelitis

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Protrusion of the meninges of the spinal cord for an opening in the vertebral column

Myelomeningocele

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Viral infection of the gray matter of the spinal cord paralysis may be mild and temporary or severe and permanent

Poliomyelitis

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Congenital defect where laminae of the vertebra do not meet or close to form the spinal canal

Spina bifida

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Damaged and spinal cord due to trauma; cord may be bruised or severed

Spinal cord injury (SCI)

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One sided facial paralysis due to facial nerve inflammation inflammation is typically viral and nature most patients recover

Bell’s palsy

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loss of myelin sheath from nerves; may be autoimmune; begins in the legs and progresses up toward the trunk

Guillain-Barre syndrome

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inflammatory disease of the CNS; causes weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin sheath from nerves; plaques appear

multiple sclerosis (MS)

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muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse

myasthenia gravis

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tumor of a nerve or the sheath around a nerve

neuroma

general term for disease of or damage to a nerve

neuropathy

inflammation of two or more nerves

polyneuritis

inflammation of a nerve root

radiculitis

condition caused by herniated disc putting pressure on a nerve root

radiculopathy

eruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path; caused by Herpes zoster virus

shingles

sudden, sharp pain in an area of the face served by the trigeminal cranial nerve; usually caused by pressure on and irritation of the nerve

trigeminal neuralgia

mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord

epidural hematoma

tumor in the meninges

meningioma

inflammation of the meninges due to viral or bacterial infection

meningitis

mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater due to a tear in the meninges; can exert fatal pressure on the brain

subdural hematoma

examination of the CSF; may detect infections and blood in the fluid

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

image of the brain taken after injection of radioactive isotopes into the bloodstream

brain scan

x-ray of the blood vessels of the brain after injection of radiopaque dye

cerebral angiography

recording of ultrasonic echoes in the brain

echoencephalography

x-ray record of the spinal cord

myelogram

x-ray of the spinal canal following injection of radiopaque dye

myelography

image of the brain cut along a plane produced by measuring gamma rays emitted after injection with radioactive glucose; glucose uptake by the tissue is indicative of metabolic activity

positron emission tomography (PET)

reflex test that reveals nervous system lesions; performed by stroking the sole of the foot

babinski’s reflex

a record of the brains electrical patterns

electroencephalogram (EEG)

a recording of the electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp; also used during sleep studies

electroencephalography (EEG)

puncture with a needle in the lumbar area to remove CSF for examination or to inject anesthesia

lumbar puncture

measures the speed at which an impulse travels along a nerve; receals nerve damage

nerve conduction velocity

administration of medication to produce a loss of feeling or sensation

anesthesia

produces loss of consciousness and absence of pain sensation

general anesthesia (GA)

route for administering general anesthesia via injection into a vein

intravenous anesthesia (IV)

route for administering general anesthesia by breathing it in

inhalation anesthesia

produces loss of sensation in a localized part of the body; does not cause a loss of consciousness

local anesthesia

interrupts pain sensation in a region of the body; anesthetic in injected near the nerve that will be blocked

regional anesthesia

method of applying local anesthesia under the skin; used to deaden sensation in the skin prior to suturing

subcutaneous anesthesia

method of applying local anesthesia by placing a liquid or gel directly on the skin

topical anesthesia

removes blockage of major artery in the neck that carries blood to the brain

carotid endarterectomy

shunt carries CSF from the ventricles to abdominal cavity; treats hydrocephalus

cerebrospinal fluid shunt

removes part of a vertebra; relieves pressure on a spinal nerve

laminectomy

surgical removal of a nerve

neurectomy

surgical repair of a nerve

neuroplasty

suturing of the connective tissue of around a nerve

neurorrhaphy

precise, surgical cutting of a nerve tract; treats severe chronic pain

tractotomy

treats minor to moderate pain without loss of consciousness

analgesic

produces loss of sensation or loss of consciousness

anesthetic

reduces nerve excitability to prevent seizures

anticonvulsant

treat parkinson’s disease

dopaminergic drugs

promotes sleep

hypnotic

treats severe pain; protentially habit forming

narcotic analgesic

has a calming or relaxing effect

sedative

alzheimer’s disease

AHT

abusive head trauma

ALS

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ANS

autonomic nervous system

CNS

central nervous system

cerebral palsy

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

CTE

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

CVA

cerebrovascular accident

CVD

cerebrovascular disease

EEG

electroencephalogram, electroencephalography

general anesthesia

headache

ICP

intracranial pressure

intravenous

lumbar puncture

multiple sclerosis

PET

positron emission tomography

PNS

peripheral nervous system

SBS

shaken baby syndrome

SCI

spinal cord injury

TBI

traumatic brain injury

TIA

transient ischemic attack

vital signs

dread in the absence of a clearly identifiable stress trigger

generalized anxiety disorder

intense apprehension of terror or a sense of impending danger

panic disorder

irrational fears

phobias

alternation between period of deep depression and mania; patients experience extreme emotions that may change rapidly

bipolar disorder (BPD)

feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, and worthlessness; lack of pleasure in activities; potential for suicide

major depressive disorder

extreme elation and hyperactivity; talkativeness, impaired judgement, and distractibility; grandiose delusions

mania

violent rages

explosive disorder

impulse to steal things

kleptomania

uncontrollable impulse to set fire

pyromania

loss of memory

dissociative amnesia

having two or more distinct personalities

dissociative identity disorder

voiding feces in inappropriate places after toilet training

encopresis

voiding urine in inappropriate places after toilet training

enuresis

distorted body image, pathological fear of becoming fat, and severe weight loss due to excessive dieting

anorexia nervosa

binge eating followed by intentional vomiting

bulimia

identifying as a gender contrary to the birth gender; may be male to female (MTF) or female to male (FTM)

gender dysphoria

inattention and impulsive behavior

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

deficits in social interaction and communication skills; restricted patterns of behavior

autism spectrum disorder

below-average intellectual functioning

intellectual development disorder

performing repetitive rituals to reduce anxiety from persistent thoughts, ideas, or impulses

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

sexual interest in children

pedophilic disorder

sexual gratification derived from being hurt or abused

sexual masochism disorder

sexual gratification derived from observing other engaged in sexual acts

voyeuristic disorder

behaviors that are against legal or social norms

antisocial personality disorder

an abnormal sense of self-importance

narcissistic personality disorder

exaggerated feelings of persecution

paranoid personality disorder

false beliefs held in the face of contrary evidence

delusional disorder

perceptions of things that are not there

hallucinations

difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection

erectile dysfunction

ejaculation of semen before or shortly after penetration

premature ejaculation

condition of the inability to sleep

insomnia disorder

recurring episodes of sleeping during daytime; difficulty sleeping at night

narcolepsy

anxiety transformed into physical symptoms like heart palpitations, paralysis, or blindness

conversion disorder

physical symptoms that cause distress and disrupt daily life; patient is preoccupied with the symptoms and shows behavior based on the symptoms

somatic symptom disorder (SSD)

inability to stop gambling

gambling disorder

overindulgence in or dependence on chemical substances including alcohol, illegal drugs, and prescription drugs

substance use disorder

impaired social interactions and capacity to work as a result of exposure to actual or implied death, serious injury, or sexual violence

post-traumatic stress disorder

placement of electrodes on the sides of the head to conduct a mild electric shock; causes a convulsive seizure; patient in anesthetized and administered muscle relaxants

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

stimulants that alter mood by affecting levels of neurotransmitters; non addictive but may have unpleasant side effects

antidepressant drugs

tranquilizers that reduce agitation and panic; major side effect is involuntary muscle movements

antipsychotic drugs

special category of drug to calm patients with bipolar disorder

lithium

CNS depressants used for anxiety

minor tranquilizers

patients are encouraged to state and discuss goals and then find ways to achieve them

family or group therapy

patients are taught how to use internal resources to deal with problems in an atmosphere that builds self-esteem

humanistic therapy

patients are encouraged to discuss repressed, painful, or hidden experiences in the hope of eliminating or minimizing the problems they cause

psycho-analysis

ADD

attention-deficit disorder

ADHD

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

BPD

bipolar depression

chronological age

DSM

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

ECT

electroconvulsive therapy

FTM

female to male

mental age

MMPI

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

MTF

male to female

OCD

obsessive-compulsive disorder

PTSD

post-traumatic stress disorder

SAD

seasonal affective diorder

SSD

somatic symptom disorder

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Chapter 12 Terms Flashcards

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