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Medical Terminology > Chapter 6 Concepts > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Concepts Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what in the blood transports substances to the body

A

red blood cells and plasma

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2
Q

which cells fight infection

A

white blood cells

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3
Q

what initiates the blood clotting process

A

platelets

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4
Q

what are the blood components

A

plasma, blood cells– erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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5
Q

How much blood does the average adult have

A

5 liters

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6
Q

Where are blood cells produced

A

bone marrow

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7
Q

what percent of the blood is plasma

A

55%

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8
Q

plasma is _____ water and ______ dissolved substances

A

90-92% and 8-10%

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9
Q

What are the dissolved proteins

A

albumin, gamma globulins, fibrinogen

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10
Q

What does Albumin do

A

transport fatty substances

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11
Q

what do gamma globulins do

A

act as antibodies

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12
Q

what does fibrinogens do

A

they are clotting proteins

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13
Q

red blood cells are considered _____ ______ disks

A

enucleated biconcave

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14
Q

about how many red blood cells to adults have

A

35 trillion

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15
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

gives erythrocytes their color, contains iron, responsible for transporting oxygen

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16
Q

True or False: leukocytes are spherical with a large nucleus

A

true

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17
Q

True or False: granulocytes have granules in cytoplasm

A

true

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18
Q

True or False: Agranulocytes do not have granules

A

true

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19
Q

what are the three types of granulocytes

A

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

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20
Q

what is the function of basophils

A

release histamine and heparin to damaged tissue

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21
Q

what is the function of eosinophils

A

destroy parasites and increase during allergic reactions

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22
Q

what is the function of neutrophils

A

engulf foreign material and dead cells via phagocytosis

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23
Q

what are the two types of agranulocytes

A

monocytes, lymphocytes

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24
Q

what is the function of monocytes

A

engulf foreign and damaged cells via phagocytosis

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25
Q

what is the function of lymphocytes

A

provide protection during the immune response

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26
Q

true or false: platelets are the smallest formed element of the blood

A

true

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27
Q

Why are platelets so critical for blood clotting

A

they agglutinate at a site of damage and release substances that contribute to clot formation

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28
Q

Where are the marker proteins that make blood different from other blood

A

the surface of erythrocytes

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29
Q

what does blood typing do

A

test if a donor is compatible with recipient blood

30
Q

What are the two possible red blood cell markers

A

A and B

31
Q

Type A blood produces _____ antibodies, which attack type ___ blood

A

anti-B, B

32
Q

Type B blood produces _____ antibodies , which attack type ___ blood

A

anti-A, A

33
Q

Type AB blood produces ____ antibodies

A

none

34
Q

What is the name for blood with no markers

A

Type O

35
Q

Type O produces ______ antibodies, and attack ____ blood types

A

anti-A and anti-B, all other

36
Q

Which blood type Is the universal donor

A

Type O

37
Q

which blood types is the universal recipient

A

Type AB

38
Q

What are the two possibilities for the Rh factor

A

Rh-positive and Rh-negative

39
Q

Blood with the Rh factor is _______ and does not make anti-Rh antibodies

A

Rh positive

40
Q

Blood without the Rh factor is ______ and makes anti- Rh antibodies

A

Rh-negative

41
Q

true or false: Rh-negative blood can receive either type

A

false; Rh-negative can only receive Rh-negative

42
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A

a network of vessels that picks up excess tissue fluid and absorbed fats

43
Q

What are the organs of the lymphatic system

A

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils

44
Q

what are the purposes of the lymphatic system

A

collect lymph, assists with fat absorption, form the body’s defense against pathogens

45
Q

What are ducts

A

one -way pipes that conduct lymph toward the thoracic cavity

46
Q

true or false: the network of lymphatic vessels is a low pressure system that uses valves to prevent backflow

A

true

47
Q

where do vessels drain

A

the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct

48
Q

lymph nodes house ____ and _____ that remove pathogens and cell debris from lymph

A

lymphocytes; antibodies

49
Q

where are the axillary lymph nodes located

A

the armpits

50
Q

where are the cervical lymph nodes located

A

the neck

51
Q

Where are the inguinal lymph nodes located

A

the groin area

52
Q

where are the mediastinal lymph nodes located

A

the chest

53
Q

What are the three sets of tonsils

A

palatine, pharyngeal (adenoids), and lingual

54
Q

What do tonsils do

A

act as filters to protect the body from pathogen invasion

55
Q

what does the spleen do

A

destroy old red blood cells, recycles iron, and stores blood

56
Q

where is the thymus located

A

the upper portion of the mediastinum

57
Q

the thymus secretes _____ which changes lymphocytes to T lymphocytes

A

thymosin

58
Q

when does the thymus begin to shrink in size

A

adolescence

59
Q

what are the two form of immunity

A

natural immunity and acquired immunity

60
Q

what is natural immunity

A

non specific and does not require prior pathogen exposure

61
Q

what is acquired immunity

A

the body’s response to a specific pathogen and may be passive or active

62
Q

How does active acquired immunity develop

A

through direct exposure to a pathogen

63
Q

what stimulate the immune response

A

antigens

64
Q

what are the two immune responses

A

humoral or antibody-mediated immunity and cellular or cell-mediated immunity

65
Q

name the type of immunity with the following characteristics: produces B lymphocytes or B cells, antibodies produced by B cells combine with antigens to from an antigen-antibody complex, targets pathogen for phagocytosis, prevents pathogen from harming healthy cells

A

Humoral Immunity

66
Q

name the immunity with the following characteristics: produces T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, these are cytotoxic defense cell, physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells

A

Cellular immunity

67
Q

______ infections are acquired in the hospital and take several forms

A

Nosocomial

68
Q

a pathogen is acquired from another person

A

cross-infection

69
Q

a person becomes infected again with the same pathogen

A

reinfection

70
Q

a pathogen spreads from one body site to another

A

self-inoculation

71
Q

What are some standard precaution to prevent nosocomial infections

A

wash hand before and after removing gloves, wash hands before and after working with patients and equipment, wear gloves when in contact with body fluids or have sores, wear a non permeable gown or apron during procedures, wear a mask and protective eyewear or face shield

Medical Terminology (36 decks)

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