Chapter 6 Concepts Flashcards
what in the blood transports substances to the body
red blood cells and plasma
which cells fight infection
white blood cells
what initiates the blood clotting process
platelets
what are the blood components
plasma, blood cells– erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
How much blood does the average adult have
5 liters
Where are blood cells produced
bone marrow
what percent of the blood is plasma
55%
plasma is _____ water and ______ dissolved substances
90-92% and 8-10%
What are the dissolved proteins
albumin, gamma globulins, fibrinogen
What does Albumin do
transport fatty substances
what do gamma globulins do
act as antibodies
what does fibrinogens do
they are clotting proteins
red blood cells are considered _____ ______ disks
enucleated biconcave
about how many red blood cells to adults have
35 trillion
What is hemoglobin
gives erythrocytes their color, contains iron, responsible for transporting oxygen
True or False: leukocytes are spherical with a large nucleus
true
True or False: granulocytes have granules in cytoplasm
true
True or False: Agranulocytes do not have granules
true
what are the three types of granulocytes
basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
what is the function of basophils
release histamine and heparin to damaged tissue
what is the function of eosinophils
destroy parasites and increase during allergic reactions
what is the function of neutrophils
engulf foreign material and dead cells via phagocytosis
what are the two types of agranulocytes
monocytes, lymphocytes
what is the function of monocytes
engulf foreign and damaged cells via phagocytosis
what is the function of lymphocytes
provide protection during the immune response
true or false: platelets are the smallest formed element of the blood
true
Why are platelets so critical for blood clotting
they agglutinate at a site of damage and release substances that contribute to clot formation
Where are the marker proteins that make blood different from other blood
the surface of erythrocytes
what does blood typing do
test if a donor is compatible with recipient blood
What are the two possible red blood cell markers
A and B
Type A blood produces _____ antibodies, which attack type ___ blood
anti-B, B
Type B blood produces _____ antibodies , which attack type ___ blood
anti-A, A
Type AB blood produces ____ antibodies
none
What is the name for blood with no markers
Type O
Type O produces ______ antibodies, and attack ____ blood types
anti-A and anti-B, all other
Which blood type Is the universal donor
Type O
which blood types is the universal recipient
Type AB
What are the two possibilities for the Rh factor
Rh-positive and Rh-negative
Blood with the Rh factor is _______ and does not make anti-Rh antibodies
Rh positive
Blood without the Rh factor is ______ and makes anti- Rh antibodies
Rh-negative
true or false: Rh-negative blood can receive either type
false; Rh-negative can only receive Rh-negative
What is the lymphatic system
a network of vessels that picks up excess tissue fluid and absorbed fats
What are the organs of the lymphatic system
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils
what are the purposes of the lymphatic system
collect lymph, assists with fat absorption, form the body’s defense against pathogens
What are ducts
one -way pipes that conduct lymph toward the thoracic cavity
true or false: the network of lymphatic vessels is a low pressure system that uses valves to prevent backflow
true
where do vessels drain
the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct
lymph nodes house ____ and _____ that remove pathogens and cell debris from lymph
lymphocytes; antibodies
where are the axillary lymph nodes located
the armpits
where are the cervical lymph nodes located
the neck
Where are the inguinal lymph nodes located
the groin area
where are the mediastinal lymph nodes located
the chest
What are the three sets of tonsils
palatine, pharyngeal (adenoids), and lingual
What do tonsils do
act as filters to protect the body from pathogen invasion
what does the spleen do
destroy old red blood cells, recycles iron, and stores blood
where is the thymus located
the upper portion of the mediastinum
the thymus secretes _____ which changes lymphocytes to T lymphocytes
thymosin
when does the thymus begin to shrink in size
adolescence
what are the two form of immunity
natural immunity and acquired immunity
what is natural immunity
non specific and does not require prior pathogen exposure
what is acquired immunity
the body’s response to a specific pathogen and may be passive or active
How does active acquired immunity develop
through direct exposure to a pathogen
what stimulate the immune response
antigens
what are the two immune responses
humoral or antibody-mediated immunity and cellular or cell-mediated immunity
name the type of immunity with the following characteristics: produces B lymphocytes or B cells, antibodies produced by B cells combine with antigens to from an antigen-antibody complex, targets pathogen for phagocytosis, prevents pathogen from harming healthy cells
Humoral Immunity
name the immunity with the following characteristics: produces T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, these are cytotoxic defense cell, physically attack and destroy pathogenic cells
Cellular immunity
______ infections are acquired in the hospital and take several forms
Nosocomial
a pathogen is acquired from another person
cross-infection
a person becomes infected again with the same pathogen
reinfection
a pathogen spreads from one body site to another
self-inoculation
What are some standard precaution to prevent nosocomial infections
wash hand before and after removing gloves, wash hands before and after working with patients and equipment, wear gloves when in contact with body fluids or have sores, wear a non permeable gown or apron during procedures, wear a mask and protective eyewear or face shield
