Chapter 5 Terms Flashcards
aortic
pertaining to the aorta
arterial
pertaining to an artery
arteriolar
pertaining to an arteriole
atrial
pertaining to an atrium
atrioventricular
pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
cardiac
pertaining to the heart
coronary
pertaining to the heart
interatrial
pertaining to between the aorta
interventricular
pertaining to between the ventricles
myocardial
pertaining to the heart muscle
valvular
pertaining to a valve
vascular
pertaining to a blood vessel
venous
pertaining to a vein
ventricular
pertaining to a ventricle
venular
pertaining to a venule
branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of condition and disease of the cardiovascular system
cardiology
healthcare profession trained to perform a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including electrocardiography, echocardiography, and exercise stress tests
cardiovascular technician
inflammation of a vessel
angiitis
involuntary contraction of smooth muscle in wall of a vessel; narrows the vessel
angiospasm
narrowing of a vessel
angiostenosis
obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that has broken off from a thrombus in another site
embolus
area of necrotic tissue due to loss of blood supply
infarct
local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to a circulatory obstruction
ischemia
a sound in addition to normal heart sounds; may or may not indicate an abnormality
murmur
sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up suddenly
orthostatic hypotension
pounding, racing heartbeats
palpitations
yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark of atherosclerosis
plaque
to floow backwards; in CV system refers to backflow of blood through a valve
regurgitation
blood clot within a blood vessel; may partially or completely occlude blood vessel
thrombus
severe pain and sensation of constriction around heart; caused by myocardial ischemia
angima pectoris
complete stopping of heart activity
cardiac arrest
an abnormally enlarged heart
cardiommegaly
myocardial disease; may be caused by viral infection, congestive heart failure, or alcohol abuse; common reason for heart transplant
cardiomyopathy
hole, present at birth, in heart septum; allows mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
congenital septal defect
left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently pump blood; results in weakness, breathlessness, edema
congestive heart failure
poor blood supply to heart muscle due to obstruction of coronary arteries; may cause angina pectoris and heart attack
coronary artery disease
inflammation of membranes lining the heart; if cause is bacterial, a bacterial colony called vegetation may form
endocarditis
cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly; allows regurgitation
heart valve prolapse
cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly; allows regurgitation
heart valve stenosis
occlusion of coronary artery; results in a myocardial infarct; a heart attack
myocardial infarction
inflammation of heart muscle layer
myocarditis
inflammation of pericardial sac
pericarditis
combination of four congenital anomalies; pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, hypertrophy of right ventricle; requires immediate surgery
tetralogy of fallot
inflammation of a heart valve
valvulitis
irregularity in heartbeat or action
arrhythmia
electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down the bundle of HIS or bundle branches
bundle branch block
condition of having a slow heart rate
bradycardia
serious arrhythmia characterized by abnormal quivering or contraction of heart fibers; may result in cardiac arrest
fibrillation
atria beat too rapidly but maintain a regular pattern
flutter
atria contract earlier than they should
premature atrial contraction
ventricle contract earlier that they should
premature ventricular contractoin
condition of having a fast heart rate
tachycardia
weakness and ballooning of arterial wall; commonly seen in abdominal and cerebral arteries
aneurysm
a ruptured artery
anteriorrhexis
hardening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls; often due to atherosclerosis
arteriosclerosis
deposit of fatty substance in wall of artery, bulges into and narrows artery; also called a plaque
atheroma
most common form of arteriosclerosis; lipid plaques form in arterial wall
atherosclerosis
severe congenital narrowing of aorta
coarctation of the aorta
varicose veins in anal region
hemorrhoid
high blood pressure; essential or primary hypertension is due to CV disease; secondary hypertension results from another disease
hypertension
decrease in blood pressure; may be due to shock or anemia
hypotension
congenital heart anomaly where fetal connection between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close at birth
patent ductus arteriosus
abnormal condition affecting any blood vessel outside the heart; symptoms may include pain, pallor, and blocked circulation
peripheral vascular disease
inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
inflammation of several arteries
polyarteritis
periodic ischemic attacks affecting extremities; especially fingers, toes, ears, and nose; extremities become cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure
Raynaud’s phenomenon
inflammation of vein resulting in blood clots within a vein
thrombophlebitis
swollen and distended veins; often in the legs
varicose veins
listening to sounds within body using a stethoscope
auscultation
blood pressure cuff; measures blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
instrument for listening to body sounds
stethoscope
blood test determines level of proteins specific to heart muscles in the blood; an increase may indicate heart muscle damage such as myocardial infarction
cardiac biomarkers
blood test measures amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in blood; indicator of atherosclerosis risk
serum lipoprotein level
xray record of a vessel
angiogram
xrays taken after injection of opaque dye into blood vessel
angiography
nuclear medicine scan using radioactive thallium; especially useful in determining myocardial damage
cardiac scan
using ultrasound to produce an image of blood flowing through blood vessels in order to determine velocity; indicates blood clots or deep vein thromboses
doppler ultrasonography
use of ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures; especially valves
echocardiography
catheter is threaded through blood vessel to heart; detects abnormalities, collects cardiac blood samples, and determines blood pressure inside heart
cardiac catheterization
flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids into or out of body; may be used to place dye into a vein to view blood vessels
catheter
hardcopy record produced by electrocardiography
electrocardiogram
process of recording electrical activity of heart; able to diagnose arrhythmias and myocardial damage
electrocardiography
portable ecg monitor worn by patient up to a few days to assess heart activity as person goes through daily activities
holter monitor
evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a steadily increasing workload; EKG and oxygen levels are monitored throughout the test
stress testing
procedure to restore cardiac output and oxygenated air for a person in cardiac arrest; uses chest compressions and artificial respiration
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
procedure that converts irregular heartbeats, such as fibrillation, using an electric shock
defibrillation
routing blood to a heart-lung machine during a surgical procedure
extracorporeal circulation
device implanted into the heart to deliver an electric shock to restore normal heart rhythm; especially helpful for ventricular fibrillation
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
device implanted into the heart to substitute for the natural pacemaker
pacemaker implantation
injection of salt solution to treat varicose veins
sclerotherapy
use of drugs, such as streptokinase or tissue-type plasminogen activator, to dissolve clots and restore blood flow
thrombolytic therapy
surgical removal of an aneurysm
aneurysmectomy
surgical joining of two arteries when and artery is severed or a damaged section is removed
arterial anastomosis
surgical removal of an atheroma
atherectomy
blood vessel from another location is grafted to route blood around a blocked coronary artery
coronary artery bypass graft
surgical removal of an embolus
embolectomy
removal of the diseased inner lining of an artery; usually to remove atherosclerotic plaques
endarterectomy
replacement of a diseased heart with a donor heart
heart transplant
stent placed within a coronary artery; treat coronary ischemia due to atherosclerosis
intracoronary artery stent
removal of varicose veins; damaged vein is tied off and then removed
ligation and stripping
balloon catheter is inserted through skin into coronary artery; inflated to dilate the narrow blood vessel
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
stainless steel tube placed within blood vessel to widen the lumen
stent
removal of diseased valve and replacement with an artificial valve
valve replacement
surgical repair of a heart valve
valvoplasty
produce vasodilation to decrease blood pressure
ACE inhibitor drugs
reduces or prevents cardiac arrhythmias
antiarrhythmic
prevents blood clot formation
anticoagulant
reduces blood cholesterol level
antilipidemic
inhibit ability of platelets to clump together in a blood clot
antiplatelet agents
lowers heart rate to treat hypertension and angina pectoris
beta-blocker drugs
decreases force of heart beat to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, and congestive heart failure
calcium channel blocker drugs
increases force of heart contraction to treat congestive heart failure
cardiotonic
increases urine production to reduce plasma volume to lower blood pressure
diuretic
dissolves existing blood clot
thrombolytic
relaxes smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel to reduce blood pressure and increase blood flow to ischemic area
vasodilator
contracts smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel to raise blood pressure
vasopressor
AED
automated external defibrillator
AF
atrial fibrillation
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
AS
arteriosclerosis
ASD
atrial septal defect
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
AV, A-V
atrioventricular
BBB
bundle branch block
BP
blood pressure
bpm
beats per minute
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
cath
catheterization
CC
cardiac catheterization, chief complaint
CCU
coronary care unit
CHF
congestive heart failure
CoA
coarctation of the aorta
CP
chest pain
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CSD
congenital septal defect
CV
cardiovascular
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
ECC
extracorporeal circulation
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram
ECHO
echocardiogram
fib
fibrillation
HTN
hypertension
ICD
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
ICU
intensive care unit
IV
intravenous
LVH
left-ventricular hypertrophy
MI
myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency
mm Hg
millimeters of mercury
MR
mitral regurgitation
MS
mitral stenosis
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
P
pulse
PAC
premature atrial contraction
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PVC
premature ventricular contraction
PVD
peripheral vascular disease
S1
first heart sound
S2
second heart sound
SA, S-A
sinoatrial
SK
streptokinase
tPA
tissue plasminogen activator
V fib
ventricular fibrillation
VSD
ventricular septal defect
VT
ventricular tachycardia
