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Medical Terminology > Chapter 13 Concepts > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Concepts Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The eyeball transmits an external image to the brain via the ______ ______

A

optic nerve

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball

A

sclera, choroid, retina

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3
Q

Lighter enters the eyes through structures of the

A

sclera

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4
Q

light is focused onto the sensory receptor cells of the _____

A

retina

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5
Q

What do sensory receptor cells do

A

convert light to electric signals that travel via the optic nerve

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6
Q

What is the outermost layer of the eyeball

A

the sclera

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7
Q

The sclera is the ____ part of the eye

A

white

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8
Q

What is the anterior portion of the sclera

A

the cornea

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9
Q

what does the cornea do

A

refract light rays as they pass through and enter the eye

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10
Q

What is the middle layer of the eyeball

A

the choroid

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11
Q

What does the choroid do for the eye

A

distribute blood supply

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12
Q

What are the anterior parts of the choroid layer

A

iris, pupil, ciliary body

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13
Q

What connects the lens to the ciliary body

A

suspensory ligaments

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14
Q

What is the innermost layer of the eyeball

A

the retina

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15
Q

what are the two types of sensory receptor cells

A

rods and cones

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16
Q

what are rods responsible for

A

to be active in dim light and help the eye see gray tones

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17
Q

what do cones do

A

are active in bright light and are responsible for color vision

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18
Q

Light that passes through the lens strikes the ____ _____

A

macula lutea

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19
Q

What is the name for the depression on the macula lutea

A

fovea centralis

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20
Q

What does the fovea centralis contain

A

cones

21
Q

what is the optic disk

A

spot where optic nerve leaves the eyeball, spot where retinal blood vessels enter and leave

22
Q

True or false: the optic disk contains no rods or cones

A

true

23
Q

the optic disk is also referred to as the ____ ____ in each eye

A

blind spot

24
Q

What is the watery fluid that fills the spaces between the cornea and lens

A

aqueous humor

25
Q

what is the semisolid gel that fills the large open area between the lens and retina

A

vitreous humor

26
Q

How many muscle control the eye

A

6; four rectus, two oblique

27
Q

Rectus muscles produce movement in a ___ ____

A

straight line

28
Q

Oblique muscles produce ______ eye movement

A

diagonal

29
Q

what can weakness in the external eye muscles cause

A

strabismus

30
Q

What is the conjunctiva

A

a mucous membrane lining that provides protection by sealing off the eyeball in the socket

31
Q

What are the structure apart of the lacrimal apparatus

A

lacrimal gland, lacrimal canals, nasolacrimal duct

32
Q

What does the lacrimal gland do

A

produce tears to wash and lubricate the eye

33
Q

what do the lacrimal canals do

A

drain tears into the nasolacrimal duct

34
Q

what does the nasolacrimal duct do

A

carries the drainage to the nasal cavity

35
Q

What is the order of light when it enters the eye

A

cornea –> pupil –> aqueous humor –> lens –> vitreous humor –> retina (rods and cones) –> optic nerve –> brain

36
Q

What are the proper functions of the four mechanisms

A

external eye muscles coordinated, pupil admits correct amount of light, lens focus light onto retina, optic nerve transmits the sensory images to the brain

37
Q

What is the ear responsible for

A

hearing, equilibrium

38
Q

sensory information is carried from the ear to the brain by the _______ ______

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

39
Q

what portions carries hearing information

A

cochlear

40
Q

what portion carrier equilibrium information

A

vestibular

41
Q

what does the external ear consist of

A

auricle, auditory canal, tympanic membrane

42
Q

what does the auricle do?

A

functions like a funnel by capturing sound waves

43
Q

what are the names of the ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

44
Q

What does the eustachian tube do

A

connect the nasopharynx and the middle ear, equalize pressure

45
Q

what is the name of the fluid filled cavity in the inner ear

A

the labyrinth

46
Q

what are the structures of the inner ear

A

vestibule, cochlea, semicircular canals, utricle, saccule

47
Q

what are the hair cells within the cochlea called

A

the organ of Corti

48
Q

what are the steps to hearing

A
  • sound travels down the external auditory canal and strikes the tympanic membrane
  • tympanic membrane vibrates the ossicles
  • ossicles create vibrations across the middle ear to the oval window
  • oval window vibrates the fluid in the cochlea
  • fluid vibrations strike hair cells and stimulate nerve endings
  • nerve endings send impulses to the brain

Medical Terminology (36 decks)

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