Chapter 8 Flashcards
Why do we use STI instead of STD?
STI more inclusive includes infections that are asymptomatic, or show no symptoms
What is STI related stigma?
Refers to peoples awareness that others will judge them negatively for having an STI
What is STI related shame?
The negative feelings people have about themselves when they receive an STI diagnosis
What is Chlamydia?
Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterium that is spread by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of males and females
One of the major reportable sexually transmitted diseases
Recent increases
Who is most likely to get chlamydia?
Young adults age 15-29
What are the male symptoms of chlamydia?
Mucopurulent or watery urethral discharge
Dysuria: painful urination -Burning during urination
Advanced infections may result in epididymitis, prostatitis
- Infertility
- Azoospermia
For male infection can ascend up the urethra to effect prostate etc and effects sperm count
What are the female symptoms of chlamydia?
Females are often asymptomatic
-Changes to vaginal discharges due to infection may be unnoticed
Infection will ascend if un-treated
-Cervicitis, PID
Advanced cases may result in scar tissue in the oviducts
- Infertility
- Ectopic pregnancy
How do you test chlamydia?
Cell cultures or Urinalysis
-NAATs (nucleic acid amplification tests)
How do you treat chlamydia?
Curable with antibiotics
- azithromycin or doxycycline
- Delayed treatment will treat the bacterial infection, but may not address/ reverse damage to reproductive organs
What is the other name for Gonorrhea ?
The clap
The drip
What Is gonorrhea?
Caused by bacteria
What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?
Pus-like discharge and painful, burning urination in male but may be asymptomatic in female
-Resultant discharge may be missed
Untreated infections can affect reproductive organs leading to infertility
-Disseminated Gonorrhea can occur via the bloodstream if un-treated
How do you test for gonorrhea?
Sample of discharge is tested
Urinalysis
NAATs (nucleic acid amplification tests)
How do you treat gonorrhea?
Antibiotics (cifixime)- historically
-Treatment issues - Antibiotic resistance documented
Dual therapy with a cephalosporin (cefixime or ceftriaxone)
and Azithromycin
Increased chance to infect partners if treatment
fails
What is syphilis?
Caused by a bacterium Treponema pallidum
What are the symptoms of syphilis?
Symptoms - chancre/chancroid, rash, possible heart, brain and nervous system
damage
- Primary infection may be missed
- Secondary infection can be misdiagnosed without proper testing
What are the different stages go syphilis?
Primary (3 months)
Secondary (6 months)
Latent (1 yr)
Late stage (forever)
What is the primary stage of syphilis?
Chancre present where bacterium entered mucous membrane
-May be missed in females
What is the secondary stage of syphilis?
Generalized body rash
-Non-itchy, resolves with or without treatment (2-6 weeks)
What is the latent stage of syphilis?
Asymptomatic period may last for years
Bacterium burrowing and causing cardiac/NS damage
What is the late stage of syphilis?
Cardiovascular late stage syphilis or Neurosyphilis
Can babies in utero get syphilis?
yes
How do you diagnose syphilis?
Physical exam, examine fluid from chancre
Can isolate bacterial spirochete
Testing is done in 2 steps (depends on stage on infection):
- (1) Blood tests - VDRL; Venereal Disease Research Laboratory which is a screening tool
- (2) Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)
What is the treatment for syphilis?
Treatment: single injection of benzathine penicillin G if treating within a year of primary infection
What is HPV?
•There are over 100 strains of HPV
- More than 40 HPV types can infect the genital areas of men and women
- Can lead to oral and throat cancer in men and women
- In terms of the potential to lead to cancer
What are the subtypes of HPV?
- high-risk
- probable high-risk
- low-risk
- undetermined risk
Are there vaccines for HPV?
Vaccination will protect against some strains associated with warty growths and certain cancers
How can HPV be transmitted?
HPV Can be transmitted by oral, anal and vaginal sexual contact
What is associated with HPV?
Warty growth
Cervical , oral and throat cancers
What is the vaccine for HPV for females?
The vaccine is given as three injections over a 6-month
period
-Sometimes given in 2 injections
Does not protect females who have been infected with
-HPV before they’ve been vaccinated.
The vaccine doesn’t protect against all types of HPV -Gardasil 9 now introduced in Ontario
How are the HPV warts transmitted?
Warts are transmitted to other people with sexual activity
How Is HPV transmitted?
-HPV is spread by skin to skin contact, especially during vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse.
Virus enters the body through tiny breaks in the skin, which could be caused by the friction of sex or even by using tampons incorrectly.
-Viral incubation period of 1 to 9 months
Can you always see HPV warts?
Depending on where on you body the wart is you may not see it
What do HPV warts look like?
Warts may be small, flat, pink, red or flesh-colored bumps, or tiny, cauliflower-like bumps.
Warts may be so small that you can’t see them
Individual warts measure 1 mm to 2 mm in diameter
Clusters of warts may measure to 4 inches (10.2 cm) in diameter
Clusters may become pendulated
-May look like cauliflower
Where are you most likely to find HPV?
Most often found on moist surfaces
Penis
Vulva, vaginal and rectal openings, cervix
May spread to perineum and peri-anal area.
What is the diagnosis of genital warts?
inspection of the warts during a physical examination.
Scraping from wart shows marked vascularization of epidermal cells on dark-field examination
A vinegar-like solution placed on the skin turns the warts white for easier diagnosing.
How do you treat genital warts?
Treatment will be determined by size and location of the warts.
-Small warts may be treated with topical applications
Cryptherapy Laser treatment Trichloroacetic acid Electrocautery Interferon therapy Surgery
How can babies get genital warts?
An infant can contract warts by being exposed to genital warts during the birth process. Types 6, 11 can cause:
- lesions on the vocal cords
- can interfere with breathing
- Rare called, respiratory papillomatosis
HPV can be transmitted to the fetus via vaginal delivery as well as c-section delivery
How many people does HSV infect?
2/3 people under 50
What are the 2 types of HSV?
Type 1 causes cold sores and get it in childhood
Type 2 causes anal/genital sores (herpes)
How can type 1 herpes be transmitted?
Type I (oral herpes) can be spread to the partner’s genital area with oral sex
How can can type 2 herpes be transmitted?
Nb. HSV II can infect the mouth area as well as the genitals
What are the S&S of herpes?
Itching or pain in the genital area (and possibly also on the buttocks, lower back and thighs)
Blisters in the genital area that burst, become raw and then crust over
Blisters and sores on the buttocks, thighs and groin
Possibly headache, fatigue and muscle pains
Less commonly, infection with the genital herpes virus may result in fever
What is the treatment for herpes?
No cure
- The herpes simplex virus is latent within nerves
People infected with HSV need information support, coping skills (because Stay in system, doesn’t mean you will have outbreaks all the time it just varies but stays in your system)
Antiviral; drugs to suppresses symptoms, lessens frequency and or expression of outbreaks
What is trichomoniasis?
Caused by a protozoan
Mainly transmitted through intercourse
can survive outside the body, so non-sexual transmission is possible
What are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis?
Symptoms (women): irritant discharge odorous
Symptoms (men): penile (urethral) irritation and discharge or no symptoms
What can trichomoniasis bring about in the future?
PID, birthing problems, increased susceptibility to HIV
What is the treatment for Trichomoniasis?
Treatment: oral medication (metronidazole/Flagl) -antibiotic
How can babies get genital warts?
An infant can contract warts by being exposed to genital warts during the birth process. Types 6, 11 can cause:
- lesions on the vocal cords
- can interfere with breathing
- Rare called, respiratory papillomatosis
HPV can be transmitted to the fetus via vaginal delivery as well as c-section delivery
How many people does HSV infect?
2/3 people under 50
What are the 2 types of HSV?
Type 1 causes cold sores and get it in childhood
Type 2 causes anal/genital sores (herpes)
How can type 1 herpes be transmitted?
Type I (oral herpes) can be spread to the partner’s genital area with oral sex
How can can type 2 herpes be transmitted?
Nb. HSV II can infect the mouth area as well as the genitals
What are the S&S of herpes?
Itching or pain in the genital area (and possibly also on the buttocks, lower back and thighs)
Blisters in the genital area that burst, become raw and then crust over
Blisters and sores on the buttocks, thighs and groin
Possibly headache, fatigue and muscle pains
Less commonly, infection with the genital herpes virus may result in fever
What is the treatment for herpes?
No cure
- The herpes simplex virus is latent within nerves
People infected with HSV need information support, coping skills (because Stay in system, doesn’t mean you will have outbreaks all the time it just varies but stays in your system)
Antiviral; drugs to suppresses symptoms, lessens frequency and or expression of outbreaks
What is trichomoniasis?
Caused by a protozoan
Mainly transmitted through intercourse
can survive outside the body, so non-sexual transmission is possible
What are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis?
Symptoms (women): irritant discharge odorous
Symptoms (men): penile (urethral) irritation and discharge or no symptoms
What can trichomoniasis bring about in the future?
PID, birthing problems, increased susceptibility to HIV
What is the treatment for Trichomoniasis?
Treatment: oral medication (metronidazole/Flagl) -antibiotic
What is viral hepatitis?
Hepatitis B, C and D can be transmitted sexually
May be asymptomatic
May have acute illness that is addressed by the immune system
Chronic hepatitis involves liver disease
What is the treatment for viral hepatitis?
Antiviral treatment effective for Hepatitis B, slows damage to liver
-Vaccine available for prevention
How can hep b be transmitted?
Penetrative sex, oral-anal sex, sharing infected needles/equipment
What is pubic lice?
Pubic lice attach to pubic hair and lay eggs
• Eggs are called
Contracted through sexual contact with an infected person
• sharing grooming products, towels, clothes
Can be found less commonly on other body hair
Difficult to see without magnification
•may notice bites on skin surrounding the hair follicles
What is the treatment and symptoms of pubic lice?
Symptoms - itching, redness of the skin from scratching
Treatment – Nix, Rid
- Attacks the louse’s nervous system
- Wash clothes and sheets
How do you prevent STIs?
Consider the benefits of monogamous relationships
Avoid contact with someone with symptoms of STIs
-Be aware of lumps, bumps discharge if present on yourself or your partner
-Remember many STIs are asymptomatic
Latex condoms can help protect against STIs Dental Dams Careful washing Urinating before and after intercourse Keeping immune system strong and healthy
What is the ultimate goal of public health?
Ultimate of public health is to promote healthy sexuality
Why are there sexual health education and community based interventions?
Provide information on disease transmission, diagnosis, course of treatment
Educate on safer sex practices
Optimize communication and disclosure in intimate relationships
Decrease the stigma and shame associated with STIs
