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Sex Psych > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we use STI instead of STD?

A

STI more inclusive includes infections that are asymptomatic, or show no symptoms

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2
Q

What is STI related stigma?

A

Refers to peoples awareness that others will judge them negatively for having an STI

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3
Q

What is STI related shame?

A

The negative feelings people have about themselves when they receive an STI diagnosis

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4
Q

What is Chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterium that is spread by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of males and females

One of the major reportable sexually transmitted diseases

Recent increases

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5
Q

Who is most likely to get chlamydia?

A

Young adults age 15-29

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6
Q

What are the male symptoms of chlamydia?

A

Mucopurulent or watery urethral discharge

Dysuria: painful urination -Burning during urination

Advanced infections may result in epididymitis, prostatitis

  • Infertility
  • Azoospermia

For male infection can ascend up the urethra to effect prostate etc and effects sperm count

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7
Q

What are the female symptoms of chlamydia?

A

Females are often asymptomatic
-Changes to vaginal discharges due to infection may be unnoticed

Infection will ascend if un-treated
-Cervicitis, PID

Advanced cases may result in scar tissue in the oviducts

  • Infertility
  • Ectopic pregnancy
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8
Q

How do you test chlamydia?

A

Cell cultures or Urinalysis

-NAATs (nucleic acid amplification tests)

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9
Q

How do you treat chlamydia?

A

Curable with antibiotics

  • azithromycin or doxycycline
  • Delayed treatment will treat the bacterial infection, but may not address/ reverse damage to reproductive organs
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10
Q

What is the other name for Gonorrhea ?

A

The clap

The drip

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11
Q

What Is gonorrhea?

A

Caused by bacteria

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

A

Pus-like discharge and painful, burning urination in male but may be asymptomatic in female
-Resultant discharge may be missed

Untreated infections can affect reproductive organs leading to infertility
-Disseminated Gonorrhea can occur via the bloodstream if un-treated

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13
Q

How do you test for gonorrhea?

A

Sample of discharge is tested

Urinalysis

NAATs (nucleic acid amplification tests)

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14
Q

How do you treat gonorrhea?

A

Antibiotics (cifixime)- historically
-Treatment issues - Antibiotic resistance documented

Dual therapy with a cephalosporin (cefixime or ceftriaxone)

and Azithromycin

Increased chance to infect partners if treatment
fails

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15
Q

What is syphilis?

A

Caused by a bacterium Treponema pallidum

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of syphilis?

A

Symptoms - chancre/chancroid, rash, possible heart, brain and nervous system
damage

  • Primary infection may be missed
  • Secondary infection can be misdiagnosed without proper testing
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17
Q

What are the different stages go syphilis?

A

Primary (3 months)
Secondary (6 months)
Latent (1 yr)
Late stage (forever)

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18
Q

What is the primary stage of syphilis?

A

Chancre present where bacterium entered mucous membrane

-May be missed in females

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19
Q

What is the secondary stage of syphilis?

A

Generalized body rash

-Non-itchy, resolves with or without treatment (2-6 weeks)

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20
Q

What is the latent stage of syphilis?

A

Asymptomatic period may last for years

Bacterium burrowing and causing cardiac/NS damage

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21
Q

What is the late stage of syphilis?

A

Cardiovascular late stage syphilis or Neurosyphilis

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22
Q

Can babies in utero get syphilis?

A

yes

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23
Q

How do you diagnose syphilis?

A

Physical exam, examine fluid from chancre

Can isolate bacterial spirochete

Testing is done in 2 steps (depends on stage on infection):

  • (1) Blood tests - VDRL; Venereal Disease Research Laboratory which is a screening tool
  • (2) Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)
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24
Q

What is the treatment for syphilis?

A

Treatment: single injection of benzathine penicillin G if treating within a year of primary infection

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25
Q

What is HPV?

A

•There are over 100 strains of HPV

  • More than 40 HPV types can infect the genital areas of men and women
    • Can lead to oral and throat cancer in men and women
    • In terms of the potential to lead to cancer
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26
Q

What are the subtypes of HPV?

A
  • high-risk
  • probable high-risk
  • low-risk
  • undetermined risk
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27
Q

Are there vaccines for HPV?

A

Vaccination will protect against some strains associated with warty growths and certain cancers

28
Q

How can HPV be transmitted?

A

HPV Can be transmitted by oral, anal and vaginal sexual contact

29
Q

What is associated with HPV?

A

Warty growth

Cervical , oral and throat cancers

30
Q

What is the vaccine for HPV for females?

A

The vaccine is given as three injections over a 6-month
period
-Sometimes given in 2 injections

Does not protect females who have been infected with
-HPV before they’ve been vaccinated.

The vaccine doesn’t protect against all types of HPV -Gardasil 9 now introduced in Ontario

31
Q

How are the HPV warts transmitted?

A

Warts are transmitted to other people with sexual activity

32
Q

How Is HPV transmitted?

A

-HPV is spread by skin to skin contact, especially during vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse.

Virus enters the body through tiny breaks in the skin, which could be caused by the friction of sex or even by using tampons incorrectly.
-Viral incubation period of 1 to 9 months

33
Q

Can you always see HPV warts?

A

Depending on where on you body the wart is you may not see it

34
Q

What do HPV warts look like?

A

Warts may be small, flat, pink, red or flesh-colored bumps, or tiny, cauliflower-like bumps.

Warts may be so small that you can’t see them

Individual warts measure 1 mm to 2 mm in diameter

Clusters of warts may measure to 4 inches (10.2 cm) in diameter

Clusters may become pendulated
-May look like cauliflower

35
Q

Where are you most likely to find HPV?

A

Most often found on moist surfaces
Penis
Vulva, vaginal and rectal openings, cervix
May spread to perineum and peri-anal area.

36
Q

What is the diagnosis of genital warts?

A

inspection of the warts during a physical examination.

Scraping from wart shows marked vascularization of epidermal cells on dark-field examination

A vinegar-like solution placed on the skin turns the warts white for easier diagnosing.

37
Q

How do you treat genital warts?

A

Treatment will be determined by size and location of the warts.
-Small warts may be treated with topical applications

Cryptherapy
Laser treatment
Trichloroacetic acid
Electrocautery
Interferon therapy
Surgery
38
Q

How can babies get genital warts?

A

An infant can contract warts by being exposed to genital warts during the birth process. Types 6, 11 can cause:

  • lesions on the vocal cords
  • can interfere with breathing
  • Rare called, respiratory papillomatosis

HPV can be transmitted to the fetus via vaginal delivery as well as c-section delivery

39
Q

How many people does HSV infect?

A

2/3 people under 50

40
Q

What are the 2 types of HSV?

A

Type 1 causes cold sores and get it in childhood

Type 2 causes anal/genital sores (herpes)

41
Q

How can type 1 herpes be transmitted?

A

Type I (oral herpes) can be spread to the partner’s genital area with oral sex

42
Q

How can can type 2 herpes be transmitted?

A

Nb. HSV II can infect the mouth area as well as the genitals

43
Q

What are the S&S of herpes?

A

Itching or pain in the genital area (and possibly also on the buttocks, lower back and thighs)

Blisters in the genital area that burst, become raw and then crust over

Blisters and sores on the buttocks, thighs and groin

Possibly headache, fatigue and muscle pains

Less commonly, infection with the genital herpes virus may result in fever

44
Q

What is the treatment for herpes?

A

No cure
- The herpes simplex virus is latent within nerves

People infected with HSV need information support, coping skills (because Stay in system, doesn’t mean you will have outbreaks all the time it just varies but stays in your system)

Antiviral; drugs to suppresses symptoms, lessens frequency and or expression of outbreaks

45
Q

What is trichomoniasis?

A

Caused by a protozoan

Mainly transmitted through intercourse
can survive outside the body, so non-sexual transmission is possible

46
Q

What are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis?

A

Symptoms (women): irritant discharge odorous

Symptoms (men): penile (urethral) irritation and discharge or no symptoms

47
Q

What can trichomoniasis bring about in the future?

A

PID, birthing problems, increased susceptibility to HIV

48
Q

What is the treatment for Trichomoniasis?

A

Treatment: oral medication (metronidazole/Flagl) -antibiotic

49
Q

How can babies get genital warts?

A

An infant can contract warts by being exposed to genital warts during the birth process. Types 6, 11 can cause:

  • lesions on the vocal cords
  • can interfere with breathing
  • Rare called, respiratory papillomatosis

HPV can be transmitted to the fetus via vaginal delivery as well as c-section delivery

50
Q

How many people does HSV infect?

A

2/3 people under 50

51
Q

What are the 2 types of HSV?

A

Type 1 causes cold sores and get it in childhood

Type 2 causes anal/genital sores (herpes)

52
Q

How can type 1 herpes be transmitted?

A

Type I (oral herpes) can be spread to the partner’s genital area with oral sex

53
Q

How can can type 2 herpes be transmitted?

A

Nb. HSV II can infect the mouth area as well as the genitals

54
Q

What are the S&S of herpes?

A

Itching or pain in the genital area (and possibly also on the buttocks, lower back and thighs)

Blisters in the genital area that burst, become raw and then crust over

Blisters and sores on the buttocks, thighs and groin

Possibly headache, fatigue and muscle pains

Less commonly, infection with the genital herpes virus may result in fever

55
Q

What is the treatment for herpes?

A

No cure
- The herpes simplex virus is latent within nerves

People infected with HSV need information support, coping skills (because Stay in system, doesn’t mean you will have outbreaks all the time it just varies but stays in your system)

Antiviral; drugs to suppresses symptoms, lessens frequency and or expression of outbreaks

56
Q

What is trichomoniasis?

A

Caused by a protozoan

Mainly transmitted through intercourse
can survive outside the body, so non-sexual transmission is possible

57
Q

What are the symptoms of Trichomoniasis?

A

Symptoms (women): irritant discharge odorous

Symptoms (men): penile (urethral) irritation and discharge or no symptoms

58
Q

What can trichomoniasis bring about in the future?

A

PID, birthing problems, increased susceptibility to HIV

59
Q

What is the treatment for Trichomoniasis?

A

Treatment: oral medication (metronidazole/Flagl) -antibiotic

60
Q

What is viral hepatitis?

A

Hepatitis B, C and D can be transmitted sexually

May be asymptomatic

May have acute illness that is addressed by the immune system

Chronic hepatitis involves liver disease

61
Q

What is the treatment for viral hepatitis?

A

Antiviral treatment effective for Hepatitis B, slows damage to liver
-Vaccine available for prevention

62
Q

How can hep b be transmitted?

A

Penetrative sex, oral-anal sex, sharing infected needles/equipment

63
Q

What is pubic lice?

A

Pubic lice attach to pubic hair and lay eggs
• Eggs are called

Contracted through sexual contact with an infected person
• sharing grooming products, towels, clothes

Can be found less commonly on other body hair

Difficult to see without magnification
•may notice bites on skin surrounding the hair follicles

64
Q

What is the treatment and symptoms of pubic lice?

A

Symptoms - itching, redness of the skin from scratching

Treatment – Nix, Rid

  • Attacks the louse’s nervous system
  • Wash clothes and sheets
65
Q

How do you prevent STIs?

A

Consider the benefits of monogamous relationships
Avoid contact with someone with symptoms of STIs
-Be aware of lumps, bumps discharge if present on yourself or your partner
-Remember many STIs are asymptomatic

Latex condoms can help protect against STIs 
Dental Dams
Careful washing
Urinating before and after intercourse 
Keeping immune system strong and healthy
66
Q

What is the ultimate goal of public health?

A

Ultimate of public health is to promote healthy sexuality

67
Q

Why are there sexual health education and community based interventions?

A

Provide information on disease transmission, diagnosis, course of treatment

Educate on safer sex practices

Optimize communication and disclosure in intimate relationships

Decrease the stigma and shame associated with STIs

Sex Psych (27 decks)

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