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Sex Psych > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of problem is Birth control?

A

• Human righst to access to BC for women, there are places around the wold who can not access this

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2
Q

In Canada when was BC/abortion illegal?

A

19thC

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3
Q

Where was the first BC clinic in canada?

A

1932 Birth Control Society of Hamilton became the first Canadian Birth Control Clinic

• Distribution and sale of birth control remained illegal in Canada until 1969

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4
Q

Who states that the state has no business in the bedrooms of the nation?

A

Pierre trudeau

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5
Q

Why do contraceptive methods fail?

A

• User error
-miscommunication

• Inconsistent use
-“We use condoms most of the time”

• Non-use

•Contraceptive failure
-broken condom

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6
Q

What is the IMB model?

A

Information
Motication
Behavioural Skills

All influence sexual behaviours

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7
Q

Who developed the IMB model?

A

Fisher

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8
Q

What does I stand for in the IMB model?

A

Information: Must be specific and practical in order to help individual feel well informed
-Eg. Where to obtain contraceptive information and contraceptive devices

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9
Q

What does M stand for in the IMB model?

A

Motivation: Increases with information, positive attitude, and perceived social acceptability of sex/contraceptive use
-Eg. social expectations to use condoms

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10
Q

What does B stand for in the IMB model?

A

Behavioural: Skills that function to: refuse sex when contraception is not available; discuss sex with a partner; and acquire contraceptives

  • Reduce negative outcomes
  • Enhance sexual health and contraceptive use
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11
Q

What is an erotophile?

A

have positive emotions related to sex and sexual stimuli

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12
Q

What is an erotophobe?

A

tend to have negative emotions related to sex

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13
Q

What are the 5 steps related to proper contraception use for erotophoobes?

A
  1. Obtaining contraceptive information.
    - Erotophobes have less sex information than erotophiles do
    - Retain less than erotophiles when given the same sex information
  2. Acknowledging that sex may occur.
    - Erotophobes may not plan because they don’t acknowledge the possibility
  3. Obtaining contraceptives.
    - Erotophobes are more embarrassed thus less likely to use it consistently
  4. Communicating with a partner.
    - Erotophobes have difficulty talking about sex, may delegate to a partner
  5. Using contraceptives every time.
    - Erotophobes are less comfortable with sex and sexual stimuli thus will find contraceptive use awkward
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14
Q

What was the IMB model study?

A

2013
-sexually active women between the ages of 17 and 22 were recruited in 1st year undergraduate classes

  • results of this study support the IMB model as a paradigm for explaining and predicting sexual health behaviour of young women
  • -Predictive model and important for influencing behaviour for dual protective behaviours. Understand that the method can reduce unplanned pregnanies and redcues STI
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15
Q

What are the guidelines for birth control education in canada?

A

IN a perfect world all of the following should happen:

No limits to access

Education should be comprehensive and inclusive

Education should include methods based on Fisher’s IMB model

Teachers must be well-trained and supported with current information

Education programs should be evaluated periodically

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16
Q

What ar the non barrier, non hormonal forms of BC?

A

Billings Ovulation Method
-Practice based primarily on cervical mucous observations

Creighton Model

  • Practice based on cervical mucous and sympto-thermal observations
  • Effectiveness 98% with trained teacher and motivated users
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17
Q

What are the birth control methods approved by the Catholic Church?

A

Billings method

Creighton Method

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18
Q

What is the fertility awareness method?

A

Methods of birth control that involve abstaining from inter-course around the time the woman ovulates.

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19
Q

What are the calendar methods?

A

A type of fertility awareness method of birth control in which the woman determines when she ovulates by keeping a calendar record of the length of her menstrual cycles -abstain from sex days 10-17 -Assumptions: regular cycle, ovulation around day 14, eggs survive 24 hours, sperm live 3 (to 5) days

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20
Q

Why do people choose FAM or NFP?

A

•Religious reasons
-Beliefs that inhibiting pregnancy is a sin

•Medical reasons

  • side effects of birth control
  • history of illness that contraindicates hormonal BC use

•Philosophical reasons
-personal health empowerment

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21
Q

What is the FAM?

A

Fertility awareness method

Promoted outside of a religious context
-Tought from an empowerment perspective outside religious context

No value judgments related to the use of barrier methods, emergency contraception, or abortion

22
Q

What is the BBT method?

A

Basal Body temperature

temp stays low until ovulaiton and then increases
Thin and clear cervical ceretions and is a sign that you are ovulating
• Spinnbarkeit kit (fertile fern pattern under a miscroscope shows youa re ovulating)

23
Q

What is the Justisse method?

A

For contraception and fertility enhancement
-Feels rhythm method is obsolete and that women can be taught to
observe, chart and interpret the three primary signs of fertility cervical mucus secretions, cervical position & BBT

24
Q

Who is the Justisse method promoted too?

A

Methodology promoted for women of all ages Child-bearing ages
Post-partum/Lactating women
Women in peri-menopause

25
Q

What are saliva kits?

A

Kits include glass slides/ clear surface, swabs and magnifier

Ferning pattern of buccal
saliva indicative of ovulation

26
Q

What is the symptothermal method?

A

• Cross reverencing basal body temp, cervical secretions, spinnbraket formation

27
Q

What are ovulation kits?

A
  • Use urine to predict the LH surge that signals ovulation
  • Relatively expensive
  • More expensive
28
Q

What is the 2 day method?

A

User asks herself 2 Q’s every day:

  • Did I have secretions today?
  • Did I have any secretions yesterday?

Cervical secretions today OR yesterday, (potentially fertile/avoid unprotected sex)

No cervical secretions/ two consecutive dry days today and yesterday (pregnancy less likely)

Thin and watery secretions means ovulation and should be avoided

29
Q

What is the standard day method?

A

For women with a relatively standard monthly cycle

  • Assumes a” fixed window” of fertility
  • No calculation or observation
  • Easy to teach, learn and use

Pregnancy avoidance involves not having unprotected between days 8 and 19 of the cycle

Uses fertility bracelets

30
Q

Which non hormonal non barrier form of BC is more effective?

A

Calendar Method: 5% failure rate

BBT Monitoring: 2% failure rate

Sympto-Thermal Methods: 2% failure rate Cervical

Mucous Monitoring: 3% failure rate

31
Q

When are IMB failure rates low?

A

Failure rates are lower when the woman’s cycle is very regular and when the couple are highly motivated and have been well instructed in the methods.

32
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

Vas deferens cut

Sperm do not integrate with ejaculate

Generally no changes to erection, orgasm, ejaculation

Should be considered permanent (although reversible)

33
Q

How do we know a vasectomy worked?

A

• Considered a succes when provide sperm sample a couple weeks later to see if there is anything still in there

34
Q

What is the female version of a vasectomy?

A

Fallopian tubes “cut and tied” or clipped, cauterized

Does not affect menstrual cycling/ ovarian function
-Hysterectomy with oophorectomy cause sterilization and menopause

Performed laproscopically or trans- cervically

May be performed upon request after a planned c-section

35
Q

What is coitus interruptus?

A

Heterosexual sexual practice where the male withdraws his penis from the vagina prior to ejaculation. Ejaculation and orgasm occurs outside and away from the woman’ s genital area.

Withdrawal one of the oldest strategies of birth control

22% failure rate

36
Q

What is the pill?

A
  • A combined hormonal method that contains both estrogen and progestin
  • Prevents ovulation
  • Thickens cervical mucous to prevent passage of sperm through cervix
  • Typical effectiveness rate is 97%
37
Q

What is Evra?

A

Hormones are absorbed transdermally - through the skin

  • Works in the same way as oral contraceptives
  • New patch applied weekly
  • Prevents ovulation, thickens cervical mucus
  • 99%effective

May not be effective if you are over 198lbs

38
Q

What is NuvaRing?

A

Hormones are introduced into the body through a soft, flexible ring that is inserted into the vagina

  • Ring sits inside vagina for three weeks, is removed for one week, and a new ring is then inserted
  • Slowly releases a low dose of estrogen and progestin
  • Prevents ovulation, changes uterine lining and thickens cervical mucous
  • ~97% effective with perfect use 

39
Q

What is Depo-Provera?

A
  • Anintramuscular injection of progestin administered every 10 to 13 weeks
  • Preventsovulation, changes uterine lining and thickens cervical mucous

Can be used by people over 35 and those who smoke

• ~98%effective

40
Q

What is an IUD?

A

Aplastic T-shaped device with a copper wire that contains no hormones
• Thins uterine lining and thickens cervical mucous
• Inserted into the uterus by physician
• Can remain in for up to 10 years
• ~98%effective

41
Q

What is an IUS?

A

AplasticT-shapeddevice containing the hormone progestin
• Thins uterine lining and thickens cervical mucous
• Inserted into uterus by physician
• Can remain in fo rup to 5 years
• ~98%effective

42
Q

What is plan B?

A

Also known as the morning after pill or emergency contraception (ECP)

  • Main mechanism of action is to stop the release of an egg from a woman’s ovary
  • Ideally used within 24 hours of unprotected sex or broken condom.
  • Still very effective up to 72 hours after
  • May work up to 5 days after but effectiveness drops dramatically

No perscription needed

43
Q

What is ELLA?

A

Can be taken within 5 days of unprotected sex

  • Does NOT become less effective over time
  • It may be less effective for women 194 pounds or more
  • Avoid using if on hormonal birth control (plan B is a better option)
44
Q

How do you obtain contraceptives?

A

Allcontraceptivemethods(exceptplanB) discussed so far require a physician prescription

45
Q

What are external condoms?

A
  • Thin latex or polyurethane (non- latex) that fits over an erect penis
  • Catches sperm during ejaculation to prevent it from entering the vaginal/ cervical canal
  • Typical effectiveness is 88%
46
Q

What are internal condoms?

A
  • Polyurethane sheath that covers the entire length of the vagina
  • Provides a physical barrier to prevent sperm from entering cervical canal
  • Typical effectiveness rate is 80%
47
Q

What re the different pregnancy termination methods?

A

Vacuum aspiration/curettage (MVA)

Dilation and evacuation

Induced labor

48
Q

What is vacuum aspiration?

A 
• Conceptus is removed from
the uterus using a vacuum
aspirator
• Performed during the first
trimester
• Up to 14 weeks
• Women may be given
medication to relax her, but will generally be awake during the procedure
49
Q

What is dilation and evacuation?

A

Similar to vacuum extraction, but usually for later second trimester abortions (14-24 weeks)
• In hospital, general anesthetic

50
Q

What is induced labor?

A

Late second trimester
• Medications are used to induce labour
(into amniotic sac, or intravenously)
• Ex. Digoxin, Methotrexate and misoprostol

Sex Psych (27 decks)

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