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Sex Psych > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gender differentiation?

A

Fertilized off either carries XX or XY chromosomes

-some atypical chromosomal configurations possible

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemicals manufactured by the endocrine glands and secreted into bloodstream

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3
Q

What are the 2 kinds of hormone responses?

A

Quick acting effects
-sexual response

Slower, longer lasting effects
-Blood sugar regulation

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4
Q

What is the difference between the sec chromosomes?

A

They carry info about how to differentiate in the course of development

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5
Q

Where does fertilization normally occur?

A

Initial fertilization in distal end of Fallopian tube

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6
Q

Before 7 weeks can you determine if the embryo is a boy and a girl?

A

Before 7 weeks male and female are identical in structure and are undifferentiated

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7
Q

What happens at the 7th week in male and females?

A

Chromosomes direct gonads to begin differentiation

Male: undifferentiated gonad develop into testes around week 7

Females: ovaries develop around week 10-11

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8
Q

What are the 2 ducts called?

A

Wolffian: Male

Mullerian: Women (default)

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9
Q

What is the SRY?

A

Sex determining region Y chromosome
-if present causes testis determining factor (TDF) to be manufactured and sends message to the mullein ducts that we don’t need them

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10
Q

What happens if SRY isn’t present?

A

Female gonads develop

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11
Q

What are the key components to help male differentiaiton?

A

Presence of androgens

  • testosterone
  • dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
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12
Q

How do you get DHT?

A

5% of testosterone is converted

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13
Q

In females, what is involve in the further development of the Mullerian ducts into female structures?

A

Ovaries are involved
-Fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vaginal canal

Wolffian ducts will degenerate

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14
Q

What do the testes secrete?

A

Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS)

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15
Q

What is MIS?

A

Causes the degeneration of the mullein ducts that are present in the undifferentiated state of XX and XY embryos

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16
Q

Why do testes secrete testosterone?

A

To support the further differentiation of the wolddian ducts into male structures
-such as epididymis, vas deferens, ejculatory duct

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17
Q

What is a homologous organ?

A

Make and female organs develop from the same embryonic tissue

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18
Q

What is an analogous organ?

A

Male and female have similar function

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19
Q

Where do ovaries begin and when do they move?

A

Begin at top of abdominal cavity in early gestational development

Week 10 gestation ovaries move down the upper edge of pelvis
-still able where they will be after birth

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20
Q

Where do testes begin and when do they move?

A

Begin at top of abdominal cavity early in gestational development

Descend through the inguinal canal to ultimate destination in scrotum

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21
Q

What is Cryptorchidism?

A

Undescended teses

  • occur in 2% of males
  • Associated with health issues
  • impair sperm production later in life
  • Increase risk of hernia and cancer
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22
Q

Why is Cryptorchidism associated with health issues?

A

Undescended testes can become twister in the abdomen

-testicular torsion

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23
Q

Why is Cryptorchidism associated with impaired sperm production?

A

Intra-abdominal temp too hot and not conducive to sperm viability

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24
Q

How do you treat cryptorchidism?

A

Surgery at 1 year

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25
Q

What is a hernia?

A

Something that is somewhere where it isn’t supposed to be

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26
Q

When can men get hernias?

A

Men with a history of undescended tests and or abdominal surgery will be monitored for hernias throughout their lifetime

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27
Q

What are androgens?

A

Group of make sex hormones

28
Q

Where is testosterone made?

A

Secreted by lending cells in tesitcels

29
Q

Is testosterone in females?

A

Found in small amounts in females

-secreted by ovaries and adrenal glands

30
Q

What are the different forms of estrogen?

A

Estrone
Estrodiol/s
Estriol

31
Q

What is progesterone?

A

A female sex hormone secreted by the ovaries

32
Q

What produces estrogen and progesterone?

A

Ovaries

33
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

A

pituitary and other health behaviours like eating drinking and sexuality

34
Q

What does the pituitary regulate?

A

The gonads

35
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the pituitary?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Intermediary

36
Q

What is the HPG axis?

A

the hypothalamus pituitary and gonads are considered an axis of influence that function together to regulate endocrine functioning related to sexuality, puberty and gestation

37
Q

What is FSH regulated by?

A

GnRH which is secreted by the hypothalamus

-controls sperm production

38
Q

What is LH regulated by?

A

GnRH secreted by hypothalamus

-controls testosterone production

39
Q

Do male hormone levels flux?

A

No they stay pretty normal due to negative feedback loop within the HPG axis

40
Q

What happens when testosterone levels are low?

A

Upregulates hypothalamus production of GnRH and stimulations;ates pituitary to produce more LH (and therefore more testosterone)

41
Q

What happen testosterone levels are high?

A

Inhibits hypothalamus production of GnRH and inhibits pituitary production go LH (thus inhibiting testosterone production)

42
Q

Are FSH levels controlled in the HPG pathway?

A

FSH levels are not controlled in the negative feedback loop within the axis

Regulation of FSH occurs via the negative feedback loop created between inhibit and testosterone

43
Q

What is inhibin?

A

Substance secreted by the testes and ovaries and regulates FSH levels

By inhibiting FHS it inhibits sperm production

44
Q

Where is inhibit produced?

A

by Sertoli cells in the testes

45
Q

What Sio the main function of estrogen?

A

Functions to influence puberty, maintain integrity of mucous membranes of the vagina, inhibits bone loss, inhibits muscle growth relative to males

46
Q

What is the main function of progesterone?

A

Responsible for increasing the lining of the endometrium in preparation for embryo implantation, sustains zygote in early pregnancy until placenta takes over

47
Q

What do the levels of estrogen and progesterone fluctuate with?

A

Menstrual cycle
Pregnancy
Menopause

48
Q

How are the levels of estrogen and progesterone regulated in the body?

A

Same negative feedback loop of the HPG axis by FSH and LH

49
Q

What happens when estrogen levels are low?

A

Up regulates hypothalamus production of GnRH, stimulate pituitary to produce more LH and then more estrogen

50
Q

What happens when there are high levels of estrogen?

A

Inhibits hypothalamus production of GnRH, and that inhibits pituitary production of LH and that inhibits estrogen production

51
Q

What is secreted from the posterior pituitary?

A

Prolactin and Oxytocin?

52
Q

Why is prolactin important?

A

stimulates secretion of the milk by mammary glands (postpartum)

53
Q

What is oxytocin important?

A

Stimulates contraction of uterus during childbirth

Stimulates ejection of milk from nipple

Synthetic form. called ptiocin

54
Q

What is psychological gender?

A

Assigned gender (gender naming at birth)

Gender identity
-persons subjective internal sense of being male, female or non-binary

55
Q

What is biological gender?

A 
Chromosomes
Gonadal gender
Prenatal hormonal genrer and brain differentiations
Internal organs
External genital appearance
Pubertal hormonal gender
56
Q

What its DSD?

A

Disorder of specula development

-intersex presentation at brith

57
Q

What is CAH

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

  • biologically female
  • exposed to androgens gestational due to over active adrenal glands (cortisol read as testosterone)
  • Leads to masculinization (fused/partially labia minora, enlarged clit)
58
Q

What is clitoromegaly?

A

enlarged clit

59
Q

What is AIS?

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

  • biological male
  • normal levels of testosterone production but androgen receptors are faulty
  • leads to feminization (undescended testes, smaller penile glans)
60
Q

What is puberty?

A

Process of further sexual differentiation to become capable of reproduction

  • Girls: 8-12
  • Boys: 10-14
61
Q

How do you know someone is going through puberty ?

A

Signalled by a sudden enlargement and maturation of the gonads, genitalia, secondary sex characteristics and growth in ht

62
Q

What is adolescence?

A

Psychological and physiological transition from the behaviour and attitudes of a child to the behaviour and attitudes and responsibilities of an adults

63
Q

What are the changes in males we see during puberty?

A 
Growth in testes and scrotal sac
Penis enlarges
Pubic, facial, chest, armpit hair
Erections
Voice drops
Body grows
64
Q

What are the changes in females we see during puberty?

A

Brest development
Pubic, armpit, leg hair
Hip bones widen

65
Q

Do you need to start menstruation to see secondary sex characteristics?

A

No

66
Q

What are some rituals of puberty?

A

Mainly religious ceremonies
Modern day: drivers license or first day?

Old day/continued to day: bar mitzvah or quinceanera

Sex Psych (27 decks)

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