Chapter 15 Flashcards
Who was the first person to document different sexual variations?
Richard von Krafft-Ebing
- documented in a descriptive and analytic way
- book called psychopath sexualis 1887
When did sexual variations begin to be extensively discussed?
Sexual variations had begun to be extensively discussed among professionals by the end of the 19th century.
Although intended for professional audiences, the book became of interest amongst the general public
What is normality?
Statistical Definitions
Based purely on frequency of behaviour
Varies by culture, time and place
What are the sociological approaches to normality?
Incorporates judgment of social acceptability
Behaviours that are deemed “deviant” result in issues for individuals
Influenced by religious upbringing
- Vary by culture
- Vary by time period
What Isi the psychological approaches to normality?
Psychological approaches defined by Arnold Buss in his 1966 text called Psychopathology. He stated that there are 3 criteria for abnormality:
- Discomfort
- Inefficiency
- “Bizarreness” - cultural defined
What is the medical approaches to normality?
Emphasis on classification, diagnosis, treatment
DSM-5 -current edition recognizes 8 paraphilia disorders
What are the 8 conditions of paraphilia disorders in the DSM 5?
fetishistic disorder
frotteuristic disorder
transvestic disorder
exhibitionistic disorder
voyeuristic disorder
sexual masochism disorder
sexual sadism disorder
pedophilic disorder (changed from pedophila)
Are most paraphiliac illegal?
Most paraphilias are not against the law
Great variation of legal parameters country to country
What did Kleinplatz and Moser do?
Lack of definition of health sexuality inhibits DSM classification of what should be considered a paraphilia
Atypical sexual interests are labelled as paraphilias due to socio-political and historical factors
What did the DSM working group do?
Acknowledge that most people with “atypical” sexual interests do not have mental disorders
To be diagnosed with a paraphilic disorder, DSM-5 requires that people with these interests:
-feel personal distress about their interest, not merely distress resulting from society’s disapproval;
or
have a sexual desire or behavior that involves another person’s psychological distress, injury, or death, or a desire for sexual behaviors involving unwilling persons or persons unable to give legal consent.
What is the general definition of paraphilias?
Any intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or predatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners. In some circumstances, the criteria “intense and persistent” may be difficult to apply…There are also specific paraphilias that are better described as preferential sexual interests
What is the diagnosis criteria for paraphiilias?
Occurred over a period of at least 6 months
Cause clinically significant distress or impairment OR with coercive paraphilias (e.g., exhibitionism, indecent exposure) person has acted on urges
Recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving:
-Non-human objects, suffering and humiliation, children or non- consenting persons
What does the degree of distress in a guiding factor in paraphiilic behaviour that involves what?
1) nonhuman objects
2) the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one’s sex partner,’
3) involvement of children or other non-consenting persons…” (laws protecting the vulnerable)
When do variations become mental disorders?
Emphasis on distress and impairment in functioning
Compulsiveness
How did Carnes 1983 define sexually compulsive behaviour?
- PREOCCUPATION
Addicted to the thought of the sex act - RITUALS
Certain behaviors are a prelude to the sex act - COMPULSIVE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR Feeling of being out of control with the sex behavior
- DESPAIR
Feeling of hopelessness, despair, isolation after completion of the sex act
What is OSA?
Online Sexual Activity (OSA) -use of the internet for any activities of a sexual nature
Why is online sexuality dangerous?
Dangerous due to the three As (anonymity, accessibility, affordability)
What are the compulsive behaviours related. to OSA?
- lack of impulse control
- may lead to social and legal sanctions
- interference in interpersonal functioning
- interference in occupational functioning
- the creation of health risks
OSA that is problematic for individuals will involve what?
- intense and persistent use for at least 6 months
- significant impairment of daily life (work, interpersonal aspects)
- distress (eg. guilt or self-loathing, financial costs)
What is the definition of fetishism?
Characterized by sexual fantasies, urges or behaviors involving the use of non-living objects to produce or enhance sexual arousal
Sexual partners may or may not be involved
Progressed fetishism involves individuals who require the inanimate object to be present in order for arousal and orgasm to occur
What is a media fetish?
The source (media) of which the sexually arousing object is made is the source of pleasure
Eg. Leather
Subcategories: Hard, Soft
What are form fetishes?
The object and/or shape of an object is the source of sexual arousal
Eg. Shoes
What is ABDL nursery services for adult babies/infantalists?
Be a cuddling infant again
Be a little boy requiring discipline
Be a little girl that needs potty training
Be … insert your fantasy here
What are the theories as to why people develop fetishes?
Psychoanalytic theory (Freud)
Biological explanations
Learning theory
Classical Conditioning
Cognitive Theory
What is the psychoanalytic theory as to why people develop fetishes?
Oedipal complex
Castration anxiety
Fetish objects often linked to either “masculinity” or “femininity”
-exhibitionism = aggressive and masculine
Unconscious elements therefore difficult to test
What is the biological explanation as to why people develop fetishes?
Some individuals with brain lesions or tumours show paraphiliac behaviour
Differences in sex drive?
What is classical conditioning as to why people develop fetishes?
- object associated with intrinsic pleasures such as ejaculation/ orgasm
- association can be unlearned through therapeutic approaches if treatment is sought
What is cognitive theory as to why people develop fetishes?
A person with a fetish or other paraphilia may have a cognitive distortion in the way that they perceive an unconventional stimulus as erotic/sexual
Arousal by object or situation drives the person to a sexual behaviour
The behaviour may be a result of non- acknowledged negative feelings such as self-loathing or guilt
What are the 6 addictions/compulsion characteristics?
Salience: Most important activity in life
Mood modification: Produces a “buzz”, “high”, “numbness, considered an “escape”
Tolerance: Need more cybersex to change mood
Withdrawal symptoms: Unpleasant feelings when stopping its use
Conflict: Problems with interpersonal relationships and work activities in life
Relapse: Return to pattern of use
What is cross dressing?
Wearing clothes that are stereotypically associated with another gender
May be practiced for adornment, artistic reasons or for reasons related to relaxation
Gender confirming
Theatrical terms:
- Drag Queen
- Female Impersonator
When does cross dressing turning a disorder?
If cross-dressing occurs for purposes of sexual arousal over at least 6 months and causes impairment and distress a diagnosis of Transvestic disorder may be made
Intake history may reveal the behaviour began in early childhood
Considered to be a male sexual variation in part due to societal “tolerance” of females wearing “masculine” clothing
-More restrictive for males
What are the changes to the DSM 5related to transvestic disorders?
DSM-IV limited this behavior to heterosexual males; DSM-5 has no such restriction, opening the diagnosis to women or gay men who have this sexual interest.
Emphasis for diagnosis of people who are sexually aroused by dressing as the opposite sex is that the behaviour causes significant distress or impairment in their lives socially or occupationally.
What is BDSM stand for
Bondage
Dominance
Sadism
Masochism
What is a sadist?
a person who derives sexual satisfaction from inflicting pain on another person
What is a masochist?
a person who derives sexual satisfaction from experiencing pain
What is bondage and discipline?
use of physical or psychological restraints to enforce servitude
What is dominance and submission?
the use of power consensually given to control the sexual stimulation and behaviour of the other person
What is a sexual sadist?
A person who derives sexual satisfaction from inflicting pain, suffering or humiliation on another person
Based on the behaviors of the Marquis de Sade
- Inflicted pain on women for his own sexual gratification
- Often non-consensual and abuse of power
What is a sexual masochist?
A person who is sexually aroused by fantasies, urges or behaviors involving being beaten, humiliated, bound, or tortured to enhance or achieve sexual excitement
DSM-IV- disorder called Sexual Masochism
- the behaviour stemming from the disorder
DSM-5 - called Sexual Masochism Disorder -(the disorder itself)
What are the characteristics of BDSM?
Use of physical restraints or psychological roles and commands in sexual interaction
Scripted and consensual
Rules intact for safety
May or may not include climaxing and touching of genitals
What are the benefits of researching BDSM?
Discussion of parameters of pathological and non-pathological aspects of sexual play
Stigmatized activities will become further sheltered if misunderstood
Benefits of personal growth through a therapeutic
relationship may not be realized
What is the sociological perspective as to why people like BDSM?
Erotic appeal to reverse customary power relationships (e.g., sadism, masochism)
Dominance-submissive roles embedded in culture
Unequal distribution of power
Enough affluent people to participate in leisure activities
Imagination and creativity valued by society
How does the BDSM community prioritize their play?
safe
sane
consensual
What are therapeutic relationships?
Many people can benefit from therapeutic relationships
Marginalized sexual practices may be excluded from therapeutic discussions for fear of:
- judgement and prejudice
- medicalization
- single focus on behaviours and their “cause”
What is voyeurism?
Sexual pleasure from viewing nudes
Usually accompanied by masturbatory behavior
Often covert
What is the historical aspect of peeping tom?
She mounted her horse and rode through the streets with her very long hair covering her private body parts.
The story goes that all the people of Coventry obeyed her request and did not peep as she rode through the streets, except for one man named Tom.
From this man we get the characterization ‘Peeping Tom’.
What is exhibitionism?
Also referred to as Flashing
Exposing genitals to others in inappropriate situations
Thrill of the alarm/reaction
Illegal – Canadian Criminal Code calls it indecent exposure
What is scatalogia?
Diagnosed under the category Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)
Person aroused by making sexual phone calls to unsuspecting people
- Chat rooms can be used
- May pose as researcher to ask sexual questions
Often involves masturbatory behaviour
Aroused by the shock and reaction
- features similar to exhibitionism
- Best to under-react so as not to reinforce the callers behaviour
What is hyper sexuality?
Satyriasis - Don Juanism; an excessive, insatiable sex drive in a man
Nymphomania - high level of sex drive in women
Hypersexuality - refers to an excessive, insatiable sex drive in either a man or a woman; leads to compulsive sexual behaviour
What is asphyxiophilia?
Desire to induce in oneself a state of oxygen deficiency in order to create sexual arousal or enhance sexual excitement and orgasmic intensity
What is zoophilia?
Sexual attraction to and/or sexual interaction with animals
Zoophiles vs. beastiality
-Zoophiles cite a concern for the welfare of the animal relative to those who are considered beastiophiles
What is frotteuristic Disorder?
Rubbing genitals against non- consenting partner
What is saliromania?
Desire to damage a woman’s clothes or image
What is necrophiilia?
Sexual satisfaction from contact with corpses
What is coprophilia?
Sexual satisfaction from contact with feces
What is urophilia?
Sexual satisfaction from contact with urine
What is sexsomnia?
automatic, unintentional sexual behaviours during sleep
A sleep disorder not a paraphilia
Broad range of sexual sounds and behaviours have been documented
Affects individuals and partners
How do you prevent paraphliic and nonparaphilic disorders?
Primary: Intervention in home life or other
factors during childhood
■ Secondary: Identify high risk persons to reduce difficulties
■ Tertiary: Diagnosis and Treatment
What are the important components of sexual development?
Arousal to appropriate stimuli
Formation of interpersonal relationships
is castration a viable option for treatment of paraphilia disorders?
Not formally used in Canada, but some use is
“voluntary”
Chemical castration - hormonal treatment, use of drug to reduce sex drive by altering androgens (testosterone)
What are other treaments for paraphliia?
Psychopharmalogical
SSRIs (antidepressants)
Hormonal therapy
What is the best was to treat paraphilia disorders?
12 step program similar to AA
