Chapter 5/6 Flashcards
What is ovulation?
Ovum released mid cycle from an ovary
-triggered by LH
What stimulates follicle development?
FSH
What is menstruation?
Cyclical bleeding that stems from the shedding of uterine lining (endometrium)
-day 1 first day of flow
What is menarche?
First menstrual flow
In the menstrual cycle what is phase 1 and when does it start?
begins with 1st day of flow
Estrogen dominant phase
Leads to ovulation
What happens to the endometrium in phase 1?
Endometrium sloughs away
-flow lasts 4-7days
Heavy vs light flow varies
How many follicles are rebased from the ovaries?
1
leaves corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen during luteal phase
What is the ovulatory phase?
When the folicle is released from the ovary
What is Mittelschmerz?
Felt on one side only each cycle
-can feel the follicle leave the ovary
What happens in phase 2 of menstrual cycle?
Directly after ovulation
Progesterone dominant
Uterine lining at thickest
What is TSS?
Toxic shock syndrome
- related to bacterial growth
- strep and staph love moist damp areas
What is PMS?
Premenstrual syndrome
-Physical psychological and behavioural symptoms that precedes menses each month and stop a few days after menstruation
What is PMDD?
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
- 3 to 5% of women would meet clinical criteria for diagnosis
- need at least 5 symptoms
- Severe changes in mood and functioning
When do you normally see PMS symptoms?
Week before menses, and resolution within days after menstruation
What does research ay about menses?
Research does not support any statistically significant intellectual or mechanical fluctuations over the cycle
Sex drive may be primed during ovulation or just before
Non human animal community copulation often driven by female estrus cycle
What kind of behaviour increases during puberty?
Sensation seeking behaviour increased
- push boundaries with adults
- high intensity/exciting experiences desired
- Curiosity about aspects of human sexuality
how can periods be different?
Irregular periods
Dysmenorrhea
Endometriosis
Amenorrhea
What is dysmenorrhea?
Painful menstruation
- frequency and severity varies
- caused by secondary prostaglandins (nerve sensitivity and blood vessels change) this causes the Smooth muscle of thee uterus to contract causing pain
How can someone reduce pain for dysmenorrhea?
NSAIDS Botanical meds Supplement Nutritional interventions -can reduce prostaglandins production and reduce pain
What did masters and Johnson prescribe for dysmenorrhea?
Orgasm to dissipate pelvic congestion
Why is coitus during mestruation taboo?
Cultural and historical references see sexual relations during the time of menstruation as dirty or immoral or sacred
Is there evidence that coitus during menstruation is harmful?
No evidence
What is endometriosis?
Endometrial lining spreads beyond the uterus to other parts of the internal sexual organs or pelvic cavity
Pain and discomfort results from an inability of sloughed endometrial tissue to exit the body
What is the treatment for endometriosis?
Hormone therapy
Surgery (laser)
What is amenorrhea?
Primary: absence of menstruation (by about age 18)
Secondary: Lack of menstruation in a woman who has previously menstruated at least once
-cycle doesn’t return 2 years after pregnancy
What are the secondary health issues to amenorrhea?
Disordered eating/exercise patterns
Hormonal imbalances
Endocrine issues
Cessation of menstruation is expected during pregnancy and after menopause
What is conception?
Spemr and egg meet and fertilization happens
Where does conception occur?
Outer third of the Fallopian tube
-infundibulum
How common is it for couples to become pregnant?
20% of couples will conceive within the first mensrtual cycle
50% will conceive within 6 cycles
What are factors that promote conception of ova?
Mature oocyte released mid cycle
Surrounded by nutritive layer
-zona pellucida
Enters the oviduct with help of the fimbrae
How long can an egg be fertilized for after its released?
12-24 hours
-egg secretes chemical which attracts sperm to egg
What is the best position to get pregnant?
Missionary position
Pelvic tilt after sex for 30-60 mins
What are some factors that can chapping conception?
Pelvic inflammatory disease Amenorrhea Blocked Fallopian tubes Hostile mucous Antisperm antibodies Advanced maternal age
Who first identified sperm?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 17thC with 300x magnified glass
What are the factors that can promote conception (sperm)?
Number of sperm
Structure and function of head mid piece and tail
Why is a lot of sperm helpful?
Inner sperm are protected
Sperm heal break down the ova outer shell so one can enter
Why is structure and function of sperm important?
Acrosome: has enzyme hyaluronidase
Midpiece houses mitochondria
Tail makes sperm motile
What are factors that challenge conception in males?
Post STI
Low sperm count
Varicocele
Low motility
What are the definitions of infertility?
Womans inablity to conceive and give birth to living child
Mans ability to impregnante woman
Sterility is an absolute factor
What are factors related to ovulation and the uterine environment in relation to infertility?
Hormonal Factor Egg Factor oviduct Factor Unterine health Sperm structure, motility, function
Female and male factors account for 40% each of infertility
What is the leftover 20% of infertility caused by?
Combination factors
When does a couple become indertile?
Diagnosed when attempts at conceiving have been unsuccessful for 1 year
-or after 6 months if woman is over 35
What is IVF?
Involves ova and sperm being combined in Petri dish, cell division continues until blastocyst stage (day 5)
Embryo implanted in uterus
What is PGD?
Prenatal genetic diagnosis to assess genetic linked conditions
What do women have to take with IVF?
Hormone therapy to maintain pregnancy
-progestin
What is clomiphene (clomid)
Upregulates ovulation
What is IUI?
Places sperm closer to the oviduct entrance for conception (assisted insemination)
What are the different kinds of embryo transfer?
GIFT: gamete intra-fallopian transfer
-egg and sperm are deposited into Fallopian tube at the same time but separately
ZIFT: zygote intrafallopian transfer
-merge sperm and egg on Petri dish and then put into uterus
What are the ethics of assisted reproductive tech?
Parental age Gender selection Genetic screening Reproduction cloning Tech potential and legal catchup
